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EXHIBIT “A”
National Vital [ us @
Statistics Reports i" wud
Volume 71, Number 1 August 8, 2022
United States Life Tables, 2020
by Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D., and Jiaquan Xu, M.D., Division of Vital Statistics
Abstract calendar years, the cohort life table reflects the mortality
experience of an actual cohort from birth until no lives remain
Objectives—this report presents complete period life tables in the group. To prepare just a single complete cohort life table
for the United States by Hispanic origin, race, and sex, based on requires data over many years. It is usually not feasible to
age-specific death rates in 2020. construct cohort life tables entirely based on observed data for
Methods—Data used to prepare the 2020 life tables are real cohorts due to data unavailability or incompleteness (1). For
2020 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2020, population estimates example, a life table representation of the mortality experience
based on the 2010 decennial census; and 2020 Medicare data for of a cohort of people born in 1970 would require the use of data
people aged 66-99. The methodology used to estimate the life projection techniques to estimate deaths into the future (2,3).
tables for the Hispanic population remains unchanged from that The period life table, by contrast, presents what would
developed for the publication of life tables by Hispanic origin for happen to a hypothetical cohort if it experienced throughout
data year 2006. The same methodology is used to estimate the its entire life the mortality conditions of a particular period
life tables for the non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native in time. For example, a period life table for 2020 assumes a
(AIAN) and non-Hispanic Asian populations. The methodology hypothetical cohort that is subject throughout its lifetime to the
used to estimate the 2020 life tables for all other groups was first age-specific death rates prevailing for the actual population in
implemented with data year 2008. 2020. Consequently, the period life table may be characterized
Results—An 2020, the overall expectation of life at birth as rendering a “snapshot” of current mortality experience by
was 77.0 years, decreasing 1.8 years from 78.8 in 2019. From showing the long-range implications of a set of age-specific
2019 to 2020, life expectancy at birth decreased by 2.1 years death rates that prevailed in a given year. In this report, the
for males (76.3 to 74.2) and by 1.5 years for females (81.4 to term “life table” refers only to the period life table and not to the
79.9). In 2020, life expectancy decreased from 2019 by 4.7 years cohort life table.
for the non-Hispanic AIAN population (71.8 to 67.1) and by 4.0 Life tables can be classified in two ways according to the
years for the Hispanic population (81.9 to 77.9), 3.3 years for the length of the age interval in which data are presented. A complete
non-Hispanic Black population (74.8 to 71.5), 2.0 years for the life table contains data for every single year of age. An abridged
non-Hispanic Asian population (85.6 to 83.6), and 1.4 years for life table typically contains data by 5- or 10-year age intervals.
the non-Hispanic White population (78.8 to 77.4). A complete life table can easily be combined into 5- or 10-year
Keywords: life expectancy survival « death rates * Hispanic age groups (see Technical Notes for instructions). Other than the
origin « race « National Vital Statistics System decennial life tables, U.S. life tables based on data before 1997
are abridged life tables constructed by reference to a standard
table (4).
Introduction Complete period life tables are presented in this report by
sex for the Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska
Life tables are of two types: the cohort (or generation) life Native (AIAN), non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and
table and the period (or current) life table. The cohort life table non-Hispanic White populations, based on the 1997 Office of
presents the mortality experience of a particular birth cohort—all Management and Budget (OMB) revised standards for the
people born in the year 1900, for example—from the moment reporting of race and ethnicity (5). These categories differ
of birth through consecutive ages in successive calendar years. from the bridged-race categories shown in previous reports for
Based on age-specific death rates observed through consecutive 2000-2017. Comparisons between data years 2000-2017 and
esc U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
% Te, National Vital Statistics System
al
NCHS reports can be downloaded from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/index.htm.
2 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
2018-2020 should be interpreted considering these differences. using classification ratios (or correction factors) generated from
Life expectancy estimates for bridged-race categories are studies that evaluate Hispanic-origin and race misclassification
included in this report for 2006-2020 to document the effect of on death certificates in the United States (8-11). (See Technical
the change in race standards and to show trends. 2020 will be Notes for a detailed description of the data sets and methodology
the last year for which estimates for bridged-race categories will used to estimate the life tables and life table partitioning by cause
be presented in this report. The Hispanic category is consistent of death.)
with previous reports because the classification of Hispanic
origin did not change between standards (5,6). In the remainder Expectation of life
of this report, the term “race” refers to “single race” based on
the 1997 standard (see Technical Notes and “Comparability of The most frequently used life table statistic is life expectancy
Race-specific Mortality Data Based on 1977 Versus 1997 (e,), which is the average number of years of life remaining for
Reporting Standards” for more information on differences people who have reached a given age (x). Life expectancy and
between single- and bridged-race groups) (7). other life table values for each age in 2020 are shown for the total
population and by Hispanic origin, race, and sex in Tables 1-18.
Life expectancy is summarized by age, Hispanic origin, race, and
Data and Methods sex in Table A.
Life expectancy at birth (€9) for 2020 for the total population
The data used to prepare the U.S. life tables for 2020 are was 77.0 years. This represents the average number of years
final numbers of deaths for 2020; July 1, 2020, population that the members of the hypothetical life table cohort can expect
estimates based on the 2010 decennial census; and age-specific to live at the time of birth (Table A).
death and population counts for Medicare beneficiaries aged
66-99 for 2020 from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services. Data from the Medicare program were used to
Survivors to specified ages
supplement vital statistics and census data for ages 66 and Another way to assess the longevity of the period life table
over for the total, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White cohort is to determine the proportion that survives to specified
populations. Because reliable Medicare data were not available ages. The /, column of the life table provides the data for
for the Hispanic, non-Hispanic AIAN, and non-Hispanic Asian computing this proportion. Table B summarizes the number of
populations, statistical modeling was used to produce reliable survivors by age, Hispanic origin, race, and sex. To illustrate,
old-age mortality estimates. The U.S. life tables by Hispanic 53,346 people out of the original 2020 hypothetical life table
origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted cohort of 100,000 (or 53.3 %) were alive at exact age 80. In other
for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates, words, the probability that a person will survive from birth to age
Table A. Expectation of life, by age, Hispanic origin and race, and sex: United States, 2020
Non-Hispanic American
All origins and races Hispanict Indian or Alaska Native! Non-Hispanic Asian* Non-Hispanic Black' Non-Hispanic White*
Age (years) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
77.0 74.2 79.9 779 74.6 81.3 67.1 63.8 70.7 83.6 81.4 85.9 71.5 67.8 75.4 774 748 80.1
76.4 73.6 79.3 773 74.0 80.7 66.7 63.3 70.2 82.9 80.4 85.2 71.3 67.5 75.4 76.7 74.2 79.4
5. 725 69.7 75.3 73.4 70.0 767 62.8 59.5 66.3 78.9 76.4 81.2 67.4 63.7 71.2 72.8 70.2 75.5
10 67.5 64.7 70.4 68.4 65.1 718 57.9 54.6 61.4 74.0 71.5 76.3 62.5 58.7 66.2 67.8 65.3 70.5
15. 62.6 59.8 65.4 63.4 60.1 66.8 53.0 49.7 56.5 69.0 66.5 71.3 57.6 53.8 61.3 62.9 60.3 65.5
20. 57.7 55.0 60.5 58.6 55.3 61.9 48.3 45.1 51.8 64.1 61.6 66.4 52.9 49.3 56.5 58.0 55.5 60.6
25. 53.0 50.5 55.7 53.9 50.7 $7.1 43.8 40.7 474 59.3 56.8 61.4 48.4 45.0 51.7 53.3 50.9 55.8
30. 48.4 45.9 50.9 49.2 46.1 52.2 39.7 36.7 427 54.4 52.0 56.5 44.0 40.8 47.0 48.6 46.3 $1.0
35. 43.8 41.5 46.2 44.5 416 474 35.8 33.0 38.7 49.6 474 51.6 39.5 36.5 42.4 444 41.9 46.3
40. 39.3 37.0 41.5 39.9 37.1 42.6 32.4 29.4 34.8 447 42.4 46.7 35.2 32.4 37.9 39.5 37.4 41.6
45. 34.8 32.7 36.9 35.3 32.7 37.9 28.3 25.9 30.8 39.9 377 41.8 31.0 28.3 33.5 35.0 33.1 37.0
50. 30.4 28.4 32.4 30.9 28.4 33.3 25.0 22.8 27.2 35.2 33.0 37.0 26.9 24.3 29.2 30.6 28.8 32.5
56. 26.2 24.3 28.0 26.6 24.2 28.8 21.8 19.8 23.8 30.6 28.6 32.3 23.0 20.6 25.1 26.4 24.7 28.1
60. 22.2 20.5 23.8 22.6 20.4 24.5 18.9 17.2 20.4 26.2 24.3 277 19.4 17.2 21.3 22.4 20.8 23.9
65. 18.5 17.0 19.8 18.8 16.9 20.4 16.0 14.6 17.3 21.9 20.3 23.2 16.2 14.3 17.8 18.6 17.2 19.9
70. 14.9 13.7 15.9 15.3 13.6 16.5 13.2 12.2 14.4 17.9 16.5 18.9 13.2 11.6 14.5 14.9 13.8 16.0
75. 11.6 10.6 12.4 11.9 10.6 12.9 10.7 9.9 11.3 14.0 12.9 14.8 10.5 9.2 11.4 11.6 10.6 12.4
80. 86 78 9.2 8.9 79 9.5 85 8.0 87 10.5 9.6 144 8.0 7.0 8.6 86 78 9.2
85. 64 5.5 65 6.4 5.6 67 65 6.2 6.6 TA 68 78 5.9 5.2 6.3 64 5.5 65
90. 42 37 44 44 3.8 45 49 47 49 5.0 46 5.2 43 3.8 44 44 37 4.3
95. 28 25 29 3.0 26 3.0 38 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.3 34 28 3.2 28 25 29
100. 2.0 18 2.0 24 1.9 24 29 29 28 2.3 24 2.2 2.3 24 23 2.0 18 2.0
‘Life tables by Hispanic origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates; see Technical Notes in this report.
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.
Table B. Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive, by age, Hispanic origin and race, and sex: United States, 2020
Non-Hispanic American
All origins and races Hispanic’ Indian or Alaska Native! Non-Hispanic Asian‘ Non-Hispanic Black' Non-Hispanic White’
Age (years) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
99,461 99,415 99,508 99,532 99,493 99,573 99,241 99,168 99,316 99,689 99,671 99,708 98,967 98,884 99,052 99,562 99,526 99,600
99,377 99,313 99,429 99,460 99,415 99,508 99,002 98,898 99,111 99,638 99,621 99,657 98,794 98,705 98,906 99,480 99,425 99,538
10. 99,323 99,254 99,381 99,415 99,369 99,465 98,877 98,790 98,972 99,606 99,593 99,622 98,689 98,596 98,819 99,431 99,366 99,500
15. 99,242 99,155 99,317 99,344 99,291 99,403 98,716 98,585 98,855 99,560 99,539 99,582 98,551 98,431 98,727 99,355 99,265 99,448
20. 98,952 98,741 99,157 99,080 98,921 99,249 98,079 97,779 98,383 99,400 99,382 99,479 97,970 97,547 98,459 99,111 98,927 99,304
25. 98,415 97,961 98,876 98,602 98,219 99,015 96,925 96,250 97,610 99,135 99,082 99,350 96,936 95,995 97,964 98,646 98,273 99,039
30. 97,725 96,994 98,479 98,002 97,332 98,726 95,047 93,789 96,351 98,889 98,754 99,222 95,828 94,418 97,351 97,984 97,369 98,633
35. 96,856 95,815 97,933 97,291 96,337 98,333 92,276 90,539 94,103 98,613 98,388 99,071 94,477 92,563 96,510 97,107 96,191 98,070
40. 95,794 94,420 97,215 96,418 95,102 97,851 88,796 86,372 91,330 98,264 97,881 98,865 92,799 90,333 95,362 96,031 94,801 97,320
45, 94,471 92,731 96,266 95,297 93,549 97,191 85,128 81,962 88,437 97,782 97,203 98,554 90,658 87,635 93,746 94,722 93,154 96,362
50. 92,680 90,497 94,928 93,695 91,444 96,132 79,925 75,635 84,417 97,012 96,133 98,042 87,851 84,131 91,592 92,976 91,027 95,015
55. 90,115 87,332 92,979 91,325 88,384 94,516 73,946 68,906 79,239 95,785 94,434 97,221 84,012 79,438 88,571 90,499 88,016 93,094
60. 86,376 82,736 90,111 87,768 83,770 92,084 66,875 60,578 73,514 93,991 91,910 96,041 78,572 72,901 84,200 86,906 83,646 90,302
65. 81,181 76,439 86,039 82,693 77,408 88,345 59,059 52,078 66,470 91,202 87,964 94,206 71,104 64,034 78,108 81,945 77,663 86,395
70. 74,466 68,491 80,574 75,945 68,979 83,244 50,767 42,836 59,262 86,892 82,298 91,037 61,788 53,210 70,247 75,531 70,099 81,164
75. 65,565 58,588 72,737 67,055 58,488 75,942 41,271 33,305 50,051 80,678 74,712 86,020 51,101 41,552 60,589 66,755 60,346 73,419
80. 53,346 45,661 61,298 55,278 45,707 65,134 30,807 23,623 38,925 71,468 64,046 78,165 38,680 29,200 48,213 54,434 47,242 61,940
85. 37,700 30,276 45,424 39,857 30,344 49,467 20,376 14,955 26,586 57,178 48,731 64,816 25,336 17,281 33,536 38,463 31,358 45,884
90. 20,447 14,824 26,271 22,489 15,009 29,682 11,145, 7,779 14,906 37,395 29,498 44,377 12,856 7,605 18,298 20,779 15,321 26,448
95. 6,889 4,216 9,599 8,143 4,343 11,374 4,549 3,010 6,072 16,399 11,372 20,370 4,422 2,172 6,724 6,867 4,239 9,510
100. 1,142 549 1,727 1,523 583 2,155 1,271 805 1,608 3,760 2,182 4,715 892 352 1,403 1,088 514 1,646
‘Life tables by Hispanic origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates; see Technical Notes in this report.
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.
4 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
80, given 2020 age-specific mortality, is 53.3%. Probabilities of Results
survival can be calculated at any age by dividing the number of
survivors at the terminal age by the number at the beginning age.
For example, to calculate the probability of surviving from age 20
Life expectancy in the United States
to age 85, one would divide the number of survivors at age 85 Tables 1-18 show complete life tables for 2020 by Hispanic
(37,700) by the number of survivors at age 20 (98,952), which origin, race, and sex. Table A summarizes life expectancy by age,
results in a 38.1% probability of survival. Hispanic origin, race, and sex. Life expectancy at birth for 2020
represents the average number of years that a group of infants
Explanation of the columns of the life table would live if they were to experience throughout life the age-
specific death rates prevailing in 2020. In 2020, life expectancy
Column 1. Age (between x and x + 1)—Shows the age at birth was 77.0 years, decreasing by 1.8 years from 78.8 in
interval between the two exact ages indicated. For instance, 2019 (Table 19).
“20-21” means the 1-year interval between the 20th and 21st The difference in life expectancy between the sexes was
birthdays. 5.7 years in 2020, increasing 0.6 year from 2019. From 1900
Column 2. Probability of dying (q,)—Shows the probability to 1975, the difference in life expectancy between the sexes
of dying between ages x and x + 1. For example, for males in the increased from 2.0 years to 7.8 years (Figure 1, Table 19). The
age interval 20-21 years, the probability of dying is 0.001320 increasing gap during these years is attributed to increases in
(Table 2). This column forms the basis of the life table; all male mortality due to ischemic heart disease and lung cancer,
subsequent columns are calculated from it. both of which increased largely as the result of men’s early and
Column 3. Number surviving (1,)—Shows the number of widespread adoption of cigarette smoking (12). Between 1979
people from the original hypothetical cohort of 100,000 live and 2010, the difference in life expectancy between the sexes
births who survive to the beginning of each age interval. The /, narrowed from 7.8 years to 4.8 years, and then increased to 5.7
values are computed from the q, values, which are successively in 2020 (Figure 1, Table 19).
applied to the remainder of the original 100,000 people still The 2020 life table may be used to compare life expectancy
alive at the beginning of each age interval. Consequently, out at any age from birth onward. Based on mortality experienced in
of 100,000 female babies born alive, 99,508 will complete the 2020, a person aged 65 could expect to live an average of 18.5
first year of life and enter the second; 99,381 will reach age 10; more years for a total of 83.5 years; a person aged 85 could
99,157 will reach age 20; and 45,424 will live to age 85 (Table 3). expect to live an additional 6.1 years for a total of 91.1 years; and
Column 4. Number dying (d,j—Shows the number dying a person aged 100 could expect to live an additional 2.0 years,
in each successive age interval out of the original 100,000 live on average (Table A).
births. For example, out of 100,000 males born alive, 585 will
die in the first year of life; 130 between ages 20 and 21; and 549
after reaching age 100 (Table 2). Each figure in column 4 is the Life expectancy by Hispanic origin and race
difference between two successive figures in column 3. In 2020, the non-Hispanic Asian population had the highest
Column 5. Person-years lived (L,)—Shows the number of life expectancy at birth (83.6 years), followed by the Hispanic
person-years lived by the hypothetical life table cohort within an (77.9), non-Hispanic White (77.4), non-Hispanic Black (71.5),
age interval x to x + 1. Each figure in column 5 represents the and non-Hispanic AIAN (67.1) populations (Table A, Figure 2).
total time (in years) lived between two indicated birthdays by From 2019 to 2020, life expectancy at birth declined for all
all those reaching the earlier birthday. Consequently, the figure Hispanic-origin and race populations (Figure 2). Life expectancy
98,676 for males in the age interval 20-21 is the total number of
decreased by 4.7 years for the non-Hispanic AIAN population
years lived between the 20th and 21st birthdays by the 98,741 (71.8 to 67.1), 4.0 years for the Hispanic population (81.9 to
males (column 3) who reached their 20th birthday out of 100,000 77.9), 3.3 years for the non-Hispanic Black population (74.8 to
males born alive (Table 2). 71.5), 2.0 years for the non-Hispanic Asian population (85.6 to
Column 6. Total number of person-years lived (T,)—Shows 83.6), and 1.4 years for the non-Hispanic White population (78.8
the total number of person-years that would be lived after the to77.4).
beginning of the age interval x to x + 1 by the hypothetical life Among the 10 Hispanic-origin and race-sex groups
table cohort. For example, 5,434,518 is the total number of years
(Figure 3), non-Hispanic Asian females had the highest life
lived after reaching age 20 by the 98,741 males who reached that expectancy at birth (85.9 years), followed by Hispanic females
age (Table 2). (81.3), non-Hispanic Asian males (81.1), non-Hispanic White
Column 7. Expectation of life (e,)—The expectation of life females (80.1), non-Hispanic Black females (75.4), non-Hispanic
at any given age is the average number of years remaining to White males (74.8), Hispanic males (74.6), non-Hispanic
be lived by those surviving to that age, based on a given set of AIAN females (70.7), non-Hispanic Black males (67.8), and
age-specific rates of dying. It is calculated by dividing the total non-Hispanic AIAN males (63.8). Disparities in life expectancy
person-years that would be lived beyond age x by the number of at birth between groups range from 0.2 year between Hispanic
people who survived to that age interval (7,//,). Consequently, females and non-Hispanic Asian males to 22.1 years between
the average remaining lifetime for males who reach age 20 is non-Hispanic Asian females and non-Hispanic AIAN males.
55.0 years (5,434,518 divided by 98,741) (Table 2).
The long-standing Hispanic life expectancy advantage over the
National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
Figure 1. Life expectancy, by sex: United States, 1900-2020
90
80
Female,
Total.
70
“wale
60
50
40
30
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.
Figure 2. Life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race: United States, 2019 and 2020
90 Mm 2019 mm 2020
85.6
85 83.6
81.9
80 78.8
77.9 77.4
74.8
@ 75
71.5 71.8
< 70
67.1
65
60
0
Non-Hispanic Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic American
Indian or Alaska Native
‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.
6 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
Figure 3. Life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race and sex: United States, 2020
Non-Hispanic Asian female 85.9
Hispanic female 81.3
Non-Hispanic Asian male 81.1
Non-Hispanic White female 80.1
Non-Hispanic Black female 75.4
Non-Hispanic White male 74.8
Hispanic male 74.6
Non-Hispanic American Indian or
70.7
Alaska Native female
Non-Hispanic Black male 67.8
Non-Hispanic American Indian or
63.8
Alaska Native male
20 40 60 80 100
Age (years)
‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.
non-Hispanic White population declined to 0.5 year in 2020 COVID-19 (61.2% of the negative contribution), unintentional
from 3.1 years in 2019. Between 2006 and 2019, the Hispanic injuries (11.7%), heart disease (5.8%), homicide (2.9%), and
to non-Hispanic White life expectancy advantage increased from diabetes (2.8%) (Figure 5). The decline in life expectancy would
2.1 to 3.1 years (Table 19). have been even greater if not for the offsetting effects of decreases
Life expectancy at birth declined for all Hispanic-origin-race— in mortality due to cancer (43.1%), Chronic lower respiratory
sex groups from 2019 to 2020 (Figure 4). The decrease was diseases (24.9%), Perinatal conditions (9.5%), suicide (8.1%),
greatest for non-Hispanic AIAN males whose life expectancy and Congenital abnormalities (3.5%) (see Technical Notes for a
declined by 4.8 years (68.6 to 63.8), followed by Hispanic males description of the life table partitioning method) (13).
with a decline of 4.5 years (79.1 to 74.6), non-Hispanic AIAN The non-Hispanic AIAN population experienced the largest
females with a decline of 4.3 years (75.0 to 70.7), non-Hispanic decline in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020 (4.7 years)
Black males with a decline of 3.5 years (71.3 to 67.8), Hispanic (Figure 5). This decrease was primarily due to increases in
females with a decline of 3.1 years (84.4 to 81.3), non-Hispanic mortality due to COVID-19 (60.3%), unintentional injuries
Black females with a decline of 2.7 years (78.1 to 75.4), (9.6%), chronic liver disease (7.6%), diabetes (3.5%), and heart
non-Hispanic Asian males with a decline of 2.4 years (83.5 to disease (2.6%). The decline in life expectancy would have been
81.1), non-Hispanic White males with a decline of 1.5 years (76.3 greater if not for the offsetting effects of decreases in mortality
to 74.8), non-Hispanic Asian females with a decline of 1.5 years due to Chronic lower respiratory diseases (17.9%), pneumonitis
(87.4 to 85.9), and non-Hispanic White females with a decline of (16.6%), kidney disease (13.3%), cancer (12.7%), and Perinatal
1.2 years (81.3 to 80.1). conditions (11.5%).
The second-greatest decline in life expectancy was
Effect of cause-specific mortality changes on experienced by the Hispanic population (4.0 years) (Figure 6).
The decline was due primarily to increases in mortality due to
life expectancy
COVID-19 (72.3%), heart disease (6.2%), unintentional injuries
Changes in mortality by age and cause of death can have (4.9%), diabetes (2.6%), and Alzheimer disease (1.8%). The
a major effect on life expectancy (Figures 5-7). Declines in decrease in life expectancy was offset by decreases in mortality
cause-specific mortality contribute to increases in life expectancy, due to cancer (37.2%), Perinatal conditions (20.6%), Congenital
while increases in cause-specific mortality contribute to decreases abnormalities (13.2%), and viral hepatitis (7.5%).
in life expectancy. The decline of 1.8 years in life expectancy from The third-largest decrease in life expectancy was experienced
2019 to 2020 was primarily due to increases in mortality from by the non-Hispanic Black population (3.3 years) (Figure 6).
National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
Figure 4. Change in life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race and sex: United States, from 2019 to 2020
48 Non-Hispanic American Indian or
Alaska Native male
4.5 Hispanic male
4.3 Non-Hispanic American Indian or
Alaska Native female
3.5 Non-Hispanic Black male
“3.4 Hispanic female
-2.7 Non-Hispanic Black female
2.4 Non-Hispanic Asian male
1.5 Non-Hispanic White male
1.5 Non-Hispanic Asian female
1.2 Non-Hispanic White female
L L L
5 -4 3 A
Change (years)
‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality
The decline was primarily due to increases in mortality due to survived the first year of life; 99.0% survived to age 20; 81.2%
COVID-19 (51.5%), unintentional injuries (11.7%), heart disease survived to age 65; 37.7% survived to age 85; and 1.1% survived
(9.2%), homicide (7.3%), and diabetes (3.8%). The decline in to age 100.
life expectancy would have been greater if not for the offsetting
effects of decreases in mortality due to cancer (62.3%), Perinatal
conditions (19.3%), Congenital abnormalities (7.1%), aortic Survivorship by Hispanic origin and race
aneurysm (4.1%), and viral hepatitis (2.9%). In 2020, 99.7% of non-Hispanic Asian infants survived
The fourth-greatest decline in life expectancy was the first year of life, followed by 99.6% of non-Hispanic White
experienced by the non-Hispanic Asian population (2.0 years) infants, 99.5% of Hispanic infants, 99.2% of non-Hispanic
(Figure 7). The decline was primarily due to increases in mortality AIAN infants, and 99.0% of non-Hispanic Black infants
dueto COVID-19 (72.0%), heart disease (8.0%), diabetes (3.1%), (Figure 8, Table B). The non-Hispanic Asian population had the
stroke (2.2%), and unintentional injuries (1.6%). The decrease highest survival probability at age 20 (99.4%), followed by the
in life expectancy was offset by decreases in mortality due to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations (99.1%), the
cancer (33.8%), Perinatal conditions (28.1%), suicide (10.0%), non-Hispanic AIAN population (98.1%), and the non-Hispanic
pneumonitis (8.1%), and aortic aneurysm (5.9%). Black population (98.0%). By age 65, the non-Hispanic Asian
The non-Hispanic White population experienced the smallest population had the highest survival probability at 91.2%,
decline in life expectancy (1.4 years), primarily due to increases followed by the Hispanic (82.7%), non-Hispanic White (81.9%),
in mortality due to COVID-19 (56.7%), unintentional injuries non-Hispanic Black (71.1%), and non-Hispanic AIAN (59.1%)
(15.1%), heart disease (5.8%), Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis populations. The survival advantage experienced by the
(3.2%), and diabetes (2.4%) (Figure 7). The negative effects of non-Hispanic Asian population increased with age so that by age
these causes were offset by decreases in mortality due to chronic 85, 57.2% had survived, compared with 39.9% of the Hispanic,
lower respiratory diseases (34.0%), cancer (27.7%), suicide 38.5% of the non-Hispanic White, 25.3% of the non-Hispanic
(21.3%), and Perinatal conditions (3.7%). Black, and 20.4% of the non-Hispanic AIAN populations.
From 2019 to 2020, all Hispanic-origin and race—sex groups
Survivorship in the United States experienced declines in the probability of survival by age, mostly
at ages 40 and over (Figure 9). As with life expectancy, disparities
Table B summarizes the number of survivors out of 100,000
by Hispanic origin and race and sex were substantial. Decreases
people born alive (/,) by age, Hispanic origin, race, and sex for in survival to age 65 ranged from 16.7% for non-Hispanic AIAN
2020. In 2020, 99.5% of all infants born in the United States
8 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022
Figure 5. Percent contribution to change in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020, by cause of death and Hispanic origin
and race: Total and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native populations
Total population
-61.2 COVID-19
11.7 Unintentional injuries
5.8 Heart disease
-2.9 Homicide
-2.8 Diabetes
-15.6 Residual
Cancer 43.1
CLRD' 24.9
Perinatal conditions 9.5
Suicide 8.1
Congenital abnormalities 3.5
Residual 10.8
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Percent contribution
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native
-60.3 COVID-19
-9.6 Unintentional injuries
76 Chronic liver disease
3.5 Diabetes
-2.6 Heart disease
-16.4 Residual
CLRD' 17.9
Pneumonitis. 16.6
Nephritis 13.3
Ca
Preview
EXHIBIT “A” National Vital [ us @ Statistics Reports i" wud Volume 71, Number 1 August 8, 2022 United States Life Tables, 2020 by Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D., and Jiaquan Xu, M.D., Division of Vital Statistics Abstract calendar years, the cohort life table reflects the mortality experience of an actual cohort from birth until no lives remain Objectives—this report presents complete period life tables in the group. To prepare just a single complete cohort life table for the United States by Hispanic origin, race, and sex, based on requires data over many years. It is usually not feasible to age-specific death rates in 2020. construct cohort life tables entirely based on observed data for Methods—Data used to prepare the 2020 life tables are real cohorts due to data unavailability or incompleteness (1). For 2020 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2020, population estimates example, a life table representation of the mortality experience based on the 2010 decennial census; and 2020 Medicare data for of a cohort of people born in 1970 would require the use of data people aged 66-99. The methodology used to estimate the life projection techniques to estimate deaths into the future (2,3). tables for the Hispanic population remains unchanged from that The period life table, by contrast, presents what would developed for the publication of life tables by Hispanic origin for happen to a hypothetical cohort if it experienced throughout data year 2006. The same methodology is used to estimate the its entire life the mortality conditions of a particular period life tables for the non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native in time. For example, a period life table for 2020 assumes a (AIAN) and non-Hispanic Asian populations. The methodology hypothetical cohort that is subject throughout its lifetime to the used to estimate the 2020 life tables for all other groups was first age-specific death rates prevailing for the actual population in implemented with data year 2008. 2020. Consequently, the period life table may be characterized Results—An 2020, the overall expectation of life at birth as rendering a “snapshot” of current mortality experience by was 77.0 years, decreasing 1.8 years from 78.8 in 2019. From showing the long-range implications of a set of age-specific 2019 to 2020, life expectancy at birth decreased by 2.1 years death rates that prevailed in a given year. In this report, the for males (76.3 to 74.2) and by 1.5 years for females (81.4 to term “life table” refers only to the period life table and not to the 79.9). In 2020, life expectancy decreased from 2019 by 4.7 years cohort life table. for the non-Hispanic AIAN population (71.8 to 67.1) and by 4.0 Life tables can be classified in two ways according to the years for the Hispanic population (81.9 to 77.9), 3.3 years for the length of the age interval in which data are presented. A complete non-Hispanic Black population (74.8 to 71.5), 2.0 years for the life table contains data for every single year of age. An abridged non-Hispanic Asian population (85.6 to 83.6), and 1.4 years for life table typically contains data by 5- or 10-year age intervals. the non-Hispanic White population (78.8 to 77.4). A complete life table can easily be combined into 5- or 10-year Keywords: life expectancy survival « death rates * Hispanic age groups (see Technical Notes for instructions). Other than the origin « race « National Vital Statistics System decennial life tables, U.S. life tables based on data before 1997 are abridged life tables constructed by reference to a standard table (4). Introduction Complete period life tables are presented in this report by sex for the Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Life tables are of two types: the cohort (or generation) life Native (AIAN), non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and table and the period (or current) life table. The cohort life table non-Hispanic White populations, based on the 1997 Office of presents the mortality experience of a particular birth cohort—all Management and Budget (OMB) revised standards for the people born in the year 1900, for example—from the moment reporting of race and ethnicity (5). These categories differ of birth through consecutive ages in successive calendar years. from the bridged-race categories shown in previous reports for Based on age-specific death rates observed through consecutive 2000-2017. Comparisons between data years 2000-2017 and esc U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics % Te, National Vital Statistics System al NCHS reports can be downloaded from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/index.htm. 2 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 2018-2020 should be interpreted considering these differences. using classification ratios (or correction factors) generated from Life expectancy estimates for bridged-race categories are studies that evaluate Hispanic-origin and race misclassification included in this report for 2006-2020 to document the effect of on death certificates in the United States (8-11). (See Technical the change in race standards and to show trends. 2020 will be Notes for a detailed description of the data sets and methodology the last year for which estimates for bridged-race categories will used to estimate the life tables and life table partitioning by cause be presented in this report. The Hispanic category is consistent of death.) with previous reports because the classification of Hispanic origin did not change between standards (5,6). In the remainder Expectation of life of this report, the term “race” refers to “single race” based on the 1997 standard (see Technical Notes and “Comparability of The most frequently used life table statistic is life expectancy Race-specific Mortality Data Based on 1977 Versus 1997 (e,), which is the average number of years of life remaining for Reporting Standards” for more information on differences people who have reached a given age (x). Life expectancy and between single- and bridged-race groups) (7). other life table values for each age in 2020 are shown for the total population and by Hispanic origin, race, and sex in Tables 1-18. Life expectancy is summarized by age, Hispanic origin, race, and Data and Methods sex in Table A. Life expectancy at birth (€9) for 2020 for the total population The data used to prepare the U.S. life tables for 2020 are was 77.0 years. This represents the average number of years final numbers of deaths for 2020; July 1, 2020, population that the members of the hypothetical life table cohort can expect estimates based on the 2010 decennial census; and age-specific to live at the time of birth (Table A). death and population counts for Medicare beneficiaries aged 66-99 for 2020 from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Data from the Medicare program were used to Survivors to specified ages supplement vital statistics and census data for ages 66 and Another way to assess the longevity of the period life table over for the total, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White cohort is to determine the proportion that survives to specified populations. Because reliable Medicare data were not available ages. The /, column of the life table provides the data for for the Hispanic, non-Hispanic AIAN, and non-Hispanic Asian computing this proportion. Table B summarizes the number of populations, statistical modeling was used to produce reliable survivors by age, Hispanic origin, race, and sex. To illustrate, old-age mortality estimates. The U.S. life tables by Hispanic 53,346 people out of the original 2020 hypothetical life table origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted cohort of 100,000 (or 53.3 %) were alive at exact age 80. In other for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates, words, the probability that a person will survive from birth to age Table A. Expectation of life, by age, Hispanic origin and race, and sex: United States, 2020 Non-Hispanic American All origins and races Hispanict Indian or Alaska Native! Non-Hispanic Asian* Non-Hispanic Black' Non-Hispanic White* Age (years) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 77.0 74.2 79.9 779 74.6 81.3 67.1 63.8 70.7 83.6 81.4 85.9 71.5 67.8 75.4 774 748 80.1 76.4 73.6 79.3 773 74.0 80.7 66.7 63.3 70.2 82.9 80.4 85.2 71.3 67.5 75.4 76.7 74.2 79.4 5. 725 69.7 75.3 73.4 70.0 767 62.8 59.5 66.3 78.9 76.4 81.2 67.4 63.7 71.2 72.8 70.2 75.5 10 67.5 64.7 70.4 68.4 65.1 718 57.9 54.6 61.4 74.0 71.5 76.3 62.5 58.7 66.2 67.8 65.3 70.5 15. 62.6 59.8 65.4 63.4 60.1 66.8 53.0 49.7 56.5 69.0 66.5 71.3 57.6 53.8 61.3 62.9 60.3 65.5 20. 57.7 55.0 60.5 58.6 55.3 61.9 48.3 45.1 51.8 64.1 61.6 66.4 52.9 49.3 56.5 58.0 55.5 60.6 25. 53.0 50.5 55.7 53.9 50.7 $7.1 43.8 40.7 474 59.3 56.8 61.4 48.4 45.0 51.7 53.3 50.9 55.8 30. 48.4 45.9 50.9 49.2 46.1 52.2 39.7 36.7 427 54.4 52.0 56.5 44.0 40.8 47.0 48.6 46.3 $1.0 35. 43.8 41.5 46.2 44.5 416 474 35.8 33.0 38.7 49.6 474 51.6 39.5 36.5 42.4 444 41.9 46.3 40. 39.3 37.0 41.5 39.9 37.1 42.6 32.4 29.4 34.8 447 42.4 46.7 35.2 32.4 37.9 39.5 37.4 41.6 45. 34.8 32.7 36.9 35.3 32.7 37.9 28.3 25.9 30.8 39.9 377 41.8 31.0 28.3 33.5 35.0 33.1 37.0 50. 30.4 28.4 32.4 30.9 28.4 33.3 25.0 22.8 27.2 35.2 33.0 37.0 26.9 24.3 29.2 30.6 28.8 32.5 56. 26.2 24.3 28.0 26.6 24.2 28.8 21.8 19.8 23.8 30.6 28.6 32.3 23.0 20.6 25.1 26.4 24.7 28.1 60. 22.2 20.5 23.8 22.6 20.4 24.5 18.9 17.2 20.4 26.2 24.3 277 19.4 17.2 21.3 22.4 20.8 23.9 65. 18.5 17.0 19.8 18.8 16.9 20.4 16.0 14.6 17.3 21.9 20.3 23.2 16.2 14.3 17.8 18.6 17.2 19.9 70. 14.9 13.7 15.9 15.3 13.6 16.5 13.2 12.2 14.4 17.9 16.5 18.9 13.2 11.6 14.5 14.9 13.8 16.0 75. 11.6 10.6 12.4 11.9 10.6 12.9 10.7 9.9 11.3 14.0 12.9 14.8 10.5 9.2 11.4 11.6 10.6 12.4 80. 86 78 9.2 8.9 79 9.5 85 8.0 87 10.5 9.6 144 8.0 7.0 8.6 86 78 9.2 85. 64 5.5 65 6.4 5.6 67 65 6.2 6.6 TA 68 78 5.9 5.2 6.3 64 5.5 65 90. 42 37 44 44 3.8 45 49 47 49 5.0 46 5.2 43 3.8 44 44 37 4.3 95. 28 25 29 3.0 26 3.0 38 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.3 34 28 3.2 28 25 29 100. 2.0 18 2.0 24 1.9 24 29 29 28 2.3 24 2.2 2.3 24 23 2.0 18 2.0 ‘Life tables by Hispanic origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates; see Technical Notes in this report. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Table B. Number of survivors out of 100,000 born alive, by age, Hispanic origin and race, and sex: United States, 2020 Non-Hispanic American All origins and races Hispanic’ Indian or Alaska Native! Non-Hispanic Asian‘ Non-Hispanic Black' Non-Hispanic White’ Age (years) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 99,461 99,415 99,508 99,532 99,493 99,573 99,241 99,168 99,316 99,689 99,671 99,708 98,967 98,884 99,052 99,562 99,526 99,600 99,377 99,313 99,429 99,460 99,415 99,508 99,002 98,898 99,111 99,638 99,621 99,657 98,794 98,705 98,906 99,480 99,425 99,538 10. 99,323 99,254 99,381 99,415 99,369 99,465 98,877 98,790 98,972 99,606 99,593 99,622 98,689 98,596 98,819 99,431 99,366 99,500 15. 99,242 99,155 99,317 99,344 99,291 99,403 98,716 98,585 98,855 99,560 99,539 99,582 98,551 98,431 98,727 99,355 99,265 99,448 20. 98,952 98,741 99,157 99,080 98,921 99,249 98,079 97,779 98,383 99,400 99,382 99,479 97,970 97,547 98,459 99,111 98,927 99,304 25. 98,415 97,961 98,876 98,602 98,219 99,015 96,925 96,250 97,610 99,135 99,082 99,350 96,936 95,995 97,964 98,646 98,273 99,039 30. 97,725 96,994 98,479 98,002 97,332 98,726 95,047 93,789 96,351 98,889 98,754 99,222 95,828 94,418 97,351 97,984 97,369 98,633 35. 96,856 95,815 97,933 97,291 96,337 98,333 92,276 90,539 94,103 98,613 98,388 99,071 94,477 92,563 96,510 97,107 96,191 98,070 40. 95,794 94,420 97,215 96,418 95,102 97,851 88,796 86,372 91,330 98,264 97,881 98,865 92,799 90,333 95,362 96,031 94,801 97,320 45, 94,471 92,731 96,266 95,297 93,549 97,191 85,128 81,962 88,437 97,782 97,203 98,554 90,658 87,635 93,746 94,722 93,154 96,362 50. 92,680 90,497 94,928 93,695 91,444 96,132 79,925 75,635 84,417 97,012 96,133 98,042 87,851 84,131 91,592 92,976 91,027 95,015 55. 90,115 87,332 92,979 91,325 88,384 94,516 73,946 68,906 79,239 95,785 94,434 97,221 84,012 79,438 88,571 90,499 88,016 93,094 60. 86,376 82,736 90,111 87,768 83,770 92,084 66,875 60,578 73,514 93,991 91,910 96,041 78,572 72,901 84,200 86,906 83,646 90,302 65. 81,181 76,439 86,039 82,693 77,408 88,345 59,059 52,078 66,470 91,202 87,964 94,206 71,104 64,034 78,108 81,945 77,663 86,395 70. 74,466 68,491 80,574 75,945 68,979 83,244 50,767 42,836 59,262 86,892 82,298 91,037 61,788 53,210 70,247 75,531 70,099 81,164 75. 65,565 58,588 72,737 67,055 58,488 75,942 41,271 33,305 50,051 80,678 74,712 86,020 51,101 41,552 60,589 66,755 60,346 73,419 80. 53,346 45,661 61,298 55,278 45,707 65,134 30,807 23,623 38,925 71,468 64,046 78,165 38,680 29,200 48,213 54,434 47,242 61,940 85. 37,700 30,276 45,424 39,857 30,344 49,467 20,376 14,955 26,586 57,178 48,731 64,816 25,336 17,281 33,536 38,463 31,358 45,884 90. 20,447 14,824 26,271 22,489 15,009 29,682 11,145, 7,779 14,906 37,395 29,498 44,377 12,856 7,605 18,298 20,779 15,321 26,448 95. 6,889 4,216 9,599 8,143 4,343 11,374 4,549 3,010 6,072 16,399 11,372 20,370 4,422 2,172 6,724 6,867 4,239 9,510 100. 1,142 549 1,727 1,523 583 2,155 1,271 805 1,608 3,760 2,182 4,715 892 352 1,403 1,088 514 1,646 ‘Life tables by Hispanic origin and race are based on death rates that have been adjusted for race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates; see Technical Notes in this report. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. 4 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 80, given 2020 age-specific mortality, is 53.3%. Probabilities of Results survival can be calculated at any age by dividing the number of survivors at the terminal age by the number at the beginning age. For example, to calculate the probability of surviving from age 20 Life expectancy in the United States to age 85, one would divide the number of survivors at age 85 Tables 1-18 show complete life tables for 2020 by Hispanic (37,700) by the number of survivors at age 20 (98,952), which origin, race, and sex. Table A summarizes life expectancy by age, results in a 38.1% probability of survival. Hispanic origin, race, and sex. Life expectancy at birth for 2020 represents the average number of years that a group of infants Explanation of the columns of the life table would live if they were to experience throughout life the age- specific death rates prevailing in 2020. In 2020, life expectancy Column 1. Age (between x and x + 1)—Shows the age at birth was 77.0 years, decreasing by 1.8 years from 78.8 in interval between the two exact ages indicated. For instance, 2019 (Table 19). “20-21” means the 1-year interval between the 20th and 21st The difference in life expectancy between the sexes was birthdays. 5.7 years in 2020, increasing 0.6 year from 2019. From 1900 Column 2. Probability of dying (q,)—Shows the probability to 1975, the difference in life expectancy between the sexes of dying between ages x and x + 1. For example, for males in the increased from 2.0 years to 7.8 years (Figure 1, Table 19). The age interval 20-21 years, the probability of dying is 0.001320 increasing gap during these years is attributed to increases in (Table 2). This column forms the basis of the life table; all male mortality due to ischemic heart disease and lung cancer, subsequent columns are calculated from it. both of which increased largely as the result of men’s early and Column 3. Number surviving (1,)—Shows the number of widespread adoption of cigarette smoking (12). Between 1979 people from the original hypothetical cohort of 100,000 live and 2010, the difference in life expectancy between the sexes births who survive to the beginning of each age interval. The /, narrowed from 7.8 years to 4.8 years, and then increased to 5.7 values are computed from the q, values, which are successively in 2020 (Figure 1, Table 19). applied to the remainder of the original 100,000 people still The 2020 life table may be used to compare life expectancy alive at the beginning of each age interval. Consequently, out at any age from birth onward. Based on mortality experienced in of 100,000 female babies born alive, 99,508 will complete the 2020, a person aged 65 could expect to live an average of 18.5 first year of life and enter the second; 99,381 will reach age 10; more years for a total of 83.5 years; a person aged 85 could 99,157 will reach age 20; and 45,424 will live to age 85 (Table 3). expect to live an additional 6.1 years for a total of 91.1 years; and Column 4. Number dying (d,j—Shows the number dying a person aged 100 could expect to live an additional 2.0 years, in each successive age interval out of the original 100,000 live on average (Table A). births. For example, out of 100,000 males born alive, 585 will die in the first year of life; 130 between ages 20 and 21; and 549 after reaching age 100 (Table 2). Each figure in column 4 is the Life expectancy by Hispanic origin and race difference between two successive figures in column 3. In 2020, the non-Hispanic Asian population had the highest Column 5. Person-years lived (L,)—Shows the number of life expectancy at birth (83.6 years), followed by the Hispanic person-years lived by the hypothetical life table cohort within an (77.9), non-Hispanic White (77.4), non-Hispanic Black (71.5), age interval x to x + 1. Each figure in column 5 represents the and non-Hispanic AIAN (67.1) populations (Table A, Figure 2). total time (in years) lived between two indicated birthdays by From 2019 to 2020, life expectancy at birth declined for all all those reaching the earlier birthday. Consequently, the figure Hispanic-origin and race populations (Figure 2). Life expectancy 98,676 for males in the age interval 20-21 is the total number of decreased by 4.7 years for the non-Hispanic AIAN population years lived between the 20th and 21st birthdays by the 98,741 (71.8 to 67.1), 4.0 years for the Hispanic population (81.9 to males (column 3) who reached their 20th birthday out of 100,000 77.9), 3.3 years for the non-Hispanic Black population (74.8 to males born alive (Table 2). 71.5), 2.0 years for the non-Hispanic Asian population (85.6 to Column 6. Total number of person-years lived (T,)—Shows 83.6), and 1.4 years for the non-Hispanic White population (78.8 the total number of person-years that would be lived after the to77.4). beginning of the age interval x to x + 1 by the hypothetical life Among the 10 Hispanic-origin and race-sex groups table cohort. For example, 5,434,518 is the total number of years (Figure 3), non-Hispanic Asian females had the highest life lived after reaching age 20 by the 98,741 males who reached that expectancy at birth (85.9 years), followed by Hispanic females age (Table 2). (81.3), non-Hispanic Asian males (81.1), non-Hispanic White Column 7. Expectation of life (e,)—The expectation of life females (80.1), non-Hispanic Black females (75.4), non-Hispanic at any given age is the average number of years remaining to White males (74.8), Hispanic males (74.6), non-Hispanic be lived by those surviving to that age, based on a given set of AIAN females (70.7), non-Hispanic Black males (67.8), and age-specific rates of dying. It is calculated by dividing the total non-Hispanic AIAN males (63.8). Disparities in life expectancy person-years that would be lived beyond age x by the number of at birth between groups range from 0.2 year between Hispanic people who survived to that age interval (7,//,). Consequently, females and non-Hispanic Asian males to 22.1 years between the average remaining lifetime for males who reach age 20 is non-Hispanic Asian females and non-Hispanic AIAN males. 55.0 years (5,434,518 divided by 98,741) (Table 2). The long-standing Hispanic life expectancy advantage over the National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 Figure 1. Life expectancy, by sex: United States, 1900-2020 90 80 Female, Total. 70 “wale 60 50 40 30 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 ‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Figure 2. Life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race: United States, 2019 and 2020 90 Mm 2019 mm 2020 85.6 85 83.6 81.9 80 78.8 77.9 77.4 74.8 @ 75 71.5 71.8 < 70 67.1 65 60 0 Non-Hispanic Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native ‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. 6 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 Figure 3. Life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race and sex: United States, 2020 Non-Hispanic Asian female 85.9 Hispanic female 81.3 Non-Hispanic Asian male 81.1 Non-Hispanic White female 80.1 Non-Hispanic Black female 75.4 Non-Hispanic White male 74.8 Hispanic male 74.6 Non-Hispanic American Indian or 70.7 Alaska Native female Non-Hispanic Black male 67.8 Non-Hispanic American Indian or 63.8 Alaska Native male 20 40 60 80 100 Age (years) ‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. non-Hispanic White population declined to 0.5 year in 2020 COVID-19 (61.2% of the negative contribution), unintentional from 3.1 years in 2019. Between 2006 and 2019, the Hispanic injuries (11.7%), heart disease (5.8%), homicide (2.9%), and to non-Hispanic White life expectancy advantage increased from diabetes (2.8%) (Figure 5). The decline in life expectancy would 2.1 to 3.1 years (Table 19). have been even greater if not for the offsetting effects of decreases Life expectancy at birth declined for all Hispanic-origin-race— in mortality due to cancer (43.1%), Chronic lower respiratory sex groups from 2019 to 2020 (Figure 4). The decrease was diseases (24.9%), Perinatal conditions (9.5%), suicide (8.1%), greatest for non-Hispanic AIAN males whose life expectancy and Congenital abnormalities (3.5%) (see Technical Notes for a declined by 4.8 years (68.6 to 63.8), followed by Hispanic males description of the life table partitioning method) (13). with a decline of 4.5 years (79.1 to 74.6), non-Hispanic AIAN The non-Hispanic AIAN population experienced the largest females with a decline of 4.3 years (75.0 to 70.7), non-Hispanic decline in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020 (4.7 years) Black males with a decline of 3.5 years (71.3 to 67.8), Hispanic (Figure 5). This decrease was primarily due to increases in females with a decline of 3.1 years (84.4 to 81.3), non-Hispanic mortality due to COVID-19 (60.3%), unintentional injuries Black females with a decline of 2.7 years (78.1 to 75.4), (9.6%), chronic liver disease (7.6%), diabetes (3.5%), and heart non-Hispanic Asian males with a decline of 2.4 years (83.5 to disease (2.6%). The decline in life expectancy would have been 81.1), non-Hispanic White males with a decline of 1.5 years (76.3 greater if not for the offsetting effects of decreases in mortality to 74.8), non-Hispanic Asian females with a decline of 1.5 years due to Chronic lower respiratory diseases (17.9%), pneumonitis (87.4 to 85.9), and non-Hispanic White females with a decline of (16.6%), kidney disease (13.3%), cancer (12.7%), and Perinatal 1.2 years (81.3 to 80.1). conditions (11.5%). The second-greatest decline in life expectancy was Effect of cause-specific mortality changes on experienced by the Hispanic population (4.0 years) (Figure 6). The decline was due primarily to increases in mortality due to life expectancy COVID-19 (72.3%), heart disease (6.2%), unintentional injuries Changes in mortality by age and cause of death can have (4.9%), diabetes (2.6%), and Alzheimer disease (1.8%). The a major effect on life expectancy (Figures 5-7). Declines in decrease in life expectancy was offset by decreases in mortality cause-specific mortality contribute to increases in life expectancy, due to cancer (37.2%), Perinatal conditions (20.6%), Congenital while increases in cause-specific mortality contribute to decreases abnormalities (13.2%), and viral hepatitis (7.5%). in life expectancy. The decline of 1.8 years in life expectancy from The third-largest decrease in life expectancy was experienced 2019 to 2020 was primarily due to increases in mortality from by the non-Hispanic Black population (3.3 years) (Figure 6). National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 Figure 4. Change in life expectancy at birth, by Hispanic origin and race and sex: United States, from 2019 to 2020 48 Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native male 4.5 Hispanic male 4.3 Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native female 3.5 Non-Hispanic Black male “3.4 Hispanic female -2.7 Non-Hispanic Black female 2.4 Non-Hispanic Asian male 1.5 Non-Hispanic White male 1.5 Non-Hispanic Asian female 1.2 Non-Hispanic White female L L L 5 -4 3 A Change (years) ‘SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality The decline was primarily due to increases in mortality due to survived the first year of life; 99.0% survived to age 20; 81.2% COVID-19 (51.5%), unintentional injuries (11.7%), heart disease survived to age 65; 37.7% survived to age 85; and 1.1% survived (9.2%), homicide (7.3%), and diabetes (3.8%). The decline in to age 100. life expectancy would have been greater if not for the offsetting effects of decreases in mortality due to cancer (62.3%), Perinatal conditions (19.3%), Congenital abnormalities (7.1%), aortic Survivorship by Hispanic origin and race aneurysm (4.1%), and viral hepatitis (2.9%). In 2020, 99.7% of non-Hispanic Asian infants survived The fourth-greatest decline in life expectancy was the first year of life, followed by 99.6% of non-Hispanic White experienced by the non-Hispanic Asian population (2.0 years) infants, 99.5% of Hispanic infants, 99.2% of non-Hispanic (Figure 7). The decline was primarily due to increases in mortality AIAN infants, and 99.0% of non-Hispanic Black infants dueto COVID-19 (72.0%), heart disease (8.0%), diabetes (3.1%), (Figure 8, Table B). The non-Hispanic Asian population had the stroke (2.2%), and unintentional injuries (1.6%). The decrease highest survival probability at age 20 (99.4%), followed by the in life expectancy was offset by decreases in mortality due to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations (99.1%), the cancer (33.8%), Perinatal conditions (28.1%), suicide (10.0%), non-Hispanic AIAN population (98.1%), and the non-Hispanic pneumonitis (8.1%), and aortic aneurysm (5.9%). Black population (98.0%). By age 65, the non-Hispanic Asian The non-Hispanic White population experienced the smallest population had the highest survival probability at 91.2%, decline in life expectancy (1.4 years), primarily due to increases followed by the Hispanic (82.7%), non-Hispanic White (81.9%), in mortality due to COVID-19 (56.7%), unintentional injuries non-Hispanic Black (71.1%), and non-Hispanic AIAN (59.1%) (15.1%), heart disease (5.8%), Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis populations. The survival advantage experienced by the (3.2%), and diabetes (2.4%) (Figure 7). The negative effects of non-Hispanic Asian population increased with age so that by age these causes were offset by decreases in mortality due to chronic 85, 57.2% had survived, compared with 39.9% of the Hispanic, lower respiratory diseases (34.0%), cancer (27.7%), suicide 38.5% of the non-Hispanic White, 25.3% of the non-Hispanic (21.3%), and Perinatal conditions (3.7%). Black, and 20.4% of the non-Hispanic AIAN populations. From 2019 to 2020, all Hispanic-origin and race—sex groups Survivorship in the United States experienced declines in the probability of survival by age, mostly at ages 40 and over (Figure 9). As with life expectancy, disparities Table B summarizes the number of survivors out of 100,000 by Hispanic origin and race and sex were substantial. Decreases people born alive (/,) by age, Hispanic origin, race, and sex for in survival to age 65 ranged from 16.7% for non-Hispanic AIAN 2020. In 2020, 99.5% of all infants born in the United States 8 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 71, No. 1, August 8, 2022 Figure 5. Percent contribution to change in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020, by cause of death and Hispanic origin and race: Total and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native populations Total population -61.2 COVID-19 11.7 Unintentional injuries 5.8 Heart disease -2.9 Homicide -2.8 Diabetes -15.6 Residual Cancer 43.1 CLRD' 24.9 Perinatal conditions 9.5 Suicide 8.1 Congenital abnormalities 3.5 Residual 10.8 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 Percent contribution Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native -60.3 COVID-19 -9.6 Unintentional injuries 76 Chronic liver disease 3.5 Diabetes -2.6 Heart disease -16.4 Residual CLRD' 17.9 Pneumonitis. 16.6 Nephritis 13.3 Ca