# New York Legal Issues | Trellis

> Every legal issue Trellis tracks in New York Supreme Courts, with a link to each issue's page of example rulings and judge data.

Last updated: 2026-10-26

## Accidents and Injuries Legal Issues

- [Abnormally Dangerous/Ultrahazardous Activities](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/abnormally-dangerous-ultrahazardous-activities-new-york-731): One who engages in an ultrahazardous or abnormally dangerous activity may be held strictly liable for any harm to persons or property resulting from that activity. (Mahon v. Pfizer, Inc (2011) 110511/10, at \*2.)
- [Animals with Dangerous Propensities](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/animals-with-dangerous-propensities-new-york-720): In New York, there is strict liability for personal injuries caused by a dog, but only under limited circumstances.
- [Battery (Civil)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/battery-civil-new-york-719): In a civil action, the elements of a cause of action to recover damages for battery are bodily contact, made with intent, and offensive in nature. (Fagazy v. Corbetta, 825 NYS2d 120 (2nd Dept. 2006); Tillman v. Xordon, 771 NYS2d 670 (2nd Dept. 2004)).
- [Gross Negligence](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/gross-negligence-new-york-712): Gross negligence “differs in kind, not only degree, from claims of ordinary negligence” (Dolphin Holdings, Ltd. v. Gander & White Shipping, Inc. (2014) 998 N.Y.S.2d 107, 109.)
- [Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/intentional-infliction-emotional-distress-new-york-722): The Second Restatement reads: "One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress." (Restatement \[Second\] of Torts § 46 \[1\] \[1965\]).
- [Medical Battery](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/medical-battery-new-york-710): Hosp. (2015) 129 A.D.3d 937, 943.)
- [Medical Malpractice](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/medical-malpractice-new-york-713): In order to establish the liability of a physician for medical malpractice, a plaintiff must prove that:.
- [Negligence](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligence-new-york-714): Legal Issue: Negligence for New York.
- [Negligence Per Se](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligence-per-se-new-york-715): In Elliott v. City of New York (95 N.Y.2d 730, 734 (N.Y. 2001) the Court of Appeals reaffirmed a long-standing rule that the “violation of a State statute that imposes a specific duty constitutes negligence per se, or may even create absolute liability.” (Sheila C. v. Povich (2004) 11 A.D.3d 120, 131 citing Elliott v. City of New York (2001) 95 N.Y.2d 730, 734.)
- [Negligence – Res Ipsa Loquitor](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligence-res-ipsa-loquitor-new-york-717): Where the actual or specific cause of an accident is unknown, under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur a jury may in certain circumstances infer negligence merely from the happening of an event and the defendant's relation to it. (Kambat v. St.
- [Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligent-entrustment-motor-vehicle-new-york-725): Legal Issue: Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle for New York.
- [Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligent-infliction-emotional-distress-new-york-723): Although the Court of Appeals has recognized the right to recover for negligently-caused emotional distress, the specific elements of the cause of action, as developed through case law, serve to limit its scope. (Taggart v. Costabile (2015) 14 N.Y.S.3d 388, 396.)
- [Premises Liability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/premises-liability-new-york-726): As a general rule, premises liability, whether framed in negligence or nuisance, is predicated on the theory that one who either owns, occupies or controls property should bear the responsibility for its condition. (Merrick v. Murphy, 83 Misc2d 39, 40 \[Sup.
- [Primary Assumption of Risk](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/primary-assumption-risk-new-york-727): Under the primary assumption of risk doctrine, “\[i\]f the risks of the activity are fully comprehended or perfectly obvious, the plaintiff has consented to them and the defendant has performed its duty.” (See Turcotte v. Fell, 68 NY2d 432, 439, 502 NE2d 964, 510 NYS2d 49 \[1986\]; Zachary G. v. Young Israel of Woodmere, 95 AD3d 946, 944 NYS2d 203 \[2012\]; Palladino v. Lindenhurst Union Free School Dist., 84 AD3d 1194, 924 NYS2d 474 \[2011\]; Bendig v. Bethpage Union Free School Dist., 74 AD3d 1263, 904 NYS2d 731 \[2010\].)
- [Primary Assumption of Risk in Sports](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/primary-assumption-risk-in-sports-new-york-728): Legal Issue: Primary Assumption of Risk in Sports for New York.
- [Professional Negligence – Medical](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/professional-negligence-medical-new-york-729): The theory of medical negligence is relegated to cases where the alleged negligent acts are readily determinable by the trier of fact based on common knowledge.
- [Recreational Use Immunity](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/recreational-use-immunity-new-york-730): General Obligations Law § 9-103(1)(a) provides that “an owner, lessee or occupant of premises ... owes no duty to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for \[specified recreational activities\] or to give warning of any hazardous condition or use of or structure or activity on such premises to persons entering for such purposes.” (Bragg v. Genesee County Agricultural Society (1994) 84 N.Y.2d 544, 548.)

## Business Law Legal Issues

- [Breach of Contract – Failing to Deliver Goods Sold or Promised](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-contract-failing-to-deliver-goods-sold-promised-new-york-742): To establish a claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff must show: “(1) the existence of a contract, (2) the plaintiff's performance under the contract, (3) the defendant's breach of the contract, and (4) resulting damages.” (Palmetto Partners, L.P.v. AJW Qualified Partners, LLC, 83 A.D.3d 804, 806 \[2d Dept. 2011\] (internal citations omitted); Ellington Credit Fund, LTD. v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., 837 F. Supp. 2d 162 (S.D.N.Y 2011).)
- [Breach of Contract – General](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-contract-general-new-york-755): The following elements must be established on a breach of contract claim: (1) a valid and enforceable contract; (2) the plaintiff's performance of the contract; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4) damages. (See Noise in Attic Prods., Inc. v London Records, 10 AD3d 303, 307 (1st Dep't 2004); Furia v Furia, 116 AD2d 694, 695 (2d Dep't 1986)).
- [Breach of Contract – Not Completing a Job](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-contract-not-completing-a-job-new-york-743): To establish a claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff must show: “(1) the existence of a contract, (2) the plaintiff's performance under the contract, (3) the defendant's breach of the contract, and (4) resulting damages.” (Palmetto Partners, L.P.v. AJW Qualified Partners, LLC, 83 A.D.3d 804, 806 \[2d Dept. 2011\] (internal citations omitted); Ellington Credit Fund, LTD. v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., 837 F. Supp. 2d 162 (S.D.N.Y 2011).)
- [Breach of Contract – Not Paying in Full or On Time](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-contract-not-paying-in-full-on-time-new-york-739): To establish a claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff must show: “(1) the existence of a contract, (2) the plaintiff's performance under the contract, (3) the defendant's breach of the contract, and (4) resulting damages.” (Palmetto Partners, L.P.v. AJW Qualified Partners, LLC, 83 A.D.3d 804, 806 \[2d Dept. 2011\] (internal citations omitted); Ellington Credit Fund, LTD. v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., 837 F. Supp. 2d 162 (S.D.N.Y 2011).)
- [Breach of Contract – Third Party Beneficiary](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-contract-third-party-beneficiary-new-york-732): Legal Issue: Breach of Contract – Third Party Beneficiary for New York.
- [Civil Conspiracy](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/civil-conspiracy-new-york-733): New York does not recognize civil conspiracy to commit a tort as an independent cause of action. (Alexander & Alexander of N.Y. v. Fritzen (1986) 68 N.Y.2d 968, 969.)
- [Commercial Disparagement](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/commercial-disparagement-new-york-734): Disparagement in the commercial context is similar but not identical to defamation.
- [Contract Formation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/contract-formation-new-york-735): This liberty is no right at all if it is not accompanied by freedom not to contract. (Id.) The corollary is that, before one may secure redress in our courts because another has failed to honor a promise, it must appear that the promisee assented to the obligation in question.
- [Defamation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/defamation-new-york-737): Legal Issue: Defamation for New York.
- [Fraud](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/fraud-new-york-738): Legal Issue: Fraud for New York.
- [Fraudulent Concealment](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/fraudulent-concealment-new-york-1103): Miele v. American Tobacco Co. (2003) 2 A.D.3d 799, 803 citing 60A N.Y. Jur 2d, Fraud and Deceit § 98.)
- [Fraudulent Inducement](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/fraudulent-inducement-new-york-1104): Partners (2012) 96 A.D.3d 646, 650; see also Eurycleia Partners, LP v. Seward & Kissel, LLP (2009) 12 N.Y.3d 553, 559; Connaughton v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (2016) 135 A.D.3d 535, 537.)
- [Fraudulent Misrepresentation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/fraudulent-misrepresentation-new-york-1105): When a plaintiff brings a cause of action based upon fraud, “the circumstances constituting the wrong shall be stated in detail.” (CPLR 3016 (b)).
- [Independent Contractor - Third-Party Liability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/independent-contractor-third-party-liability-new-york-1106): Soc. of U.S. (1992) 79 N.Y.2d 663.)
- [Independent Contractors vs. Employees](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/independent-contractors-vs-employees-new-york-1107): Ct. 2017\] citing , e.g., Goodwin v. Comcast Corp. (2007) 42 A.D.3d 322, 322.)
- [Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/intentional-interference-with-contractual-relations-new-york-740): Legal Issue: Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations for New York.
- [Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/interference-with-prospective-economic-advantage-new-york-744): A claim for tortious interference with prospective business advantage must allege that:.
- [Lemon Law](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/lemon-law-new-york-745): The original Lemon Law (General Business Law § 198-a) was enacted in 1983 to provide New York consumers greater protection than that afforded by automobile manufacturers' express limited warranties or the Federal Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (15 U.S.C. § 2301et seq.) Under the statute, when a manufacturer is unable to correct a defect or condition that "substantially impairs" the value of the motor vehicle after a reasonable number of attempts, the manufacturer, at the option of the consumer, is required either to:.
- [Non-Solicitation Clauses](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/non-solicitation-clauses-new-york-746): Life Ins. Co. v. Austin (1990) 916 F. Supp. 158, 160 \[where clause at issue restricted solicitation by former employee: “For a period of two years following such termination, \[from\] contact\[ing\] any Company policyholder or Annuity Contract holder within the confines of the District where the Marketing Representative was last employed for the purpose of inducing or attempting to induce such policyholder or Contract holder to cancel, lapse, or fail to renew such policyholder's policy(ies) or Annuity Contract(s) with the Company.”\].)
- [Professional Misconduct—Attorney](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/professional-misconduct-attorney-new-york-1109): Legal Issue: Professional Misconduct—Attorney for New York.
- [Professional Negligence – Attorney Malpractice](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/professional-negligence-attorney-malpractice-new-york-748): Legal Issue: Professional Negligence – Attorney Malpractice for New York.
- [Professional Negligence – Medical](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/professional-negligence-medical-new-york-1108): Ct. 2011\] citing PJI 2:150.)
- [Professional Negligence — Breach of Fiduciary Duty](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/professional-negligence-breach-fiduciary-duty-new-york-750): A fiduciary relationship “exists between two persons when one of them is under a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another upon matters within the scope of the relation.” (EBC I, Inc. v. Goldman, Sachs & Co. (2005) 5 N.Y.3d 11, 19-20 citing Restatement \[Second\] of Torts § 874, Comment a.) Such a relationship, necessarily fact-specific, is grounded in a higher level of trust than normally present in the marketplace between those involved in arm's length business transactions (EBC I, Inc., citing Northeast Gen. Corp. v. Wellington Adv. (1993) 82 N.Y.2d 158, 162.)
- [Promissory Estoppel and Promissory Fraud](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/promissory-estoppel-promissory-fraud-new-york-1110): Legal Issue: Promissory Estoppel and Promissory Fraud for New York.
- [Rescission —Action or Claim](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/rescission-action-claim-new-york-1111): Legal Issue: Rescission —Action or Claim for New York.
- [Strict Product Liability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/strict-product-liability-new-york-747): Legal Issue: Strict Product Liability for New York.
- [Trade Libel](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/trade-libel-new-york-1113): Legal Issue: Trade Libel for New York.
- [Unfair Competition](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/unfair-competition-new-york-1114): Ct. 2008\] citing Harvey v. Harvey Aluminum (1957) 175 N.Y.S.2d 288.)

## Constitutional Law Legal Issues

- [New York Anti-SLAPP Statute](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/new-york-anti-slapp-statute-1115): A finding that a lawsuit is a SLAPP suit imposes upon the plaintiff a heightened standard of proof to avoid dismissal of the action. (Id. See CPLR 3211\[g\].)

## Construction Law Legal Issues

- [Breach of Statutory Housing Merchant Warranty](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-statutory-housing-merchant-warranty-new-york-1118): Legal Issue: Breach of Statutory Housing Merchant Warranty for New York.
- [General and Subcontractor Liability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/general-subcontractor-liability-new-york-1116): Co. (1992) 81 N.Y.2d 494, 501-502; Long v Forest-Fehlhaber (1982) 55 N.Y.2d 154, 1605; Allen v Cloutier Constr.
- [Latent and Patent Construction Defects](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/latent-patent-construction-defects-new-york-1117): Legal Issue: Latent and Patent Construction Defects for New York.
- [Liability for Construction, Excavation, or Demolition Work](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/liability-for-construction-excavation-demolition-work-new-york-1119): Ct. 2010\] citing Ortega v Puccia, 57 AD3d 54, 60).

## Consumer Rights Legal Issues

- [Asbestos Claims](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/asbestos-claims-new-york-1120): In recognition of these burdens, on March 25, 1988 Justice Helen Freedman, who formerly presided over \[the In re N.Y.C. Asbestos\] litigation, so-ordered the NYCAL CMO (New York City Asbestos Litigation Case Management Order) in order to streamline discovery and promote early settlements.
- [Breach of Warranty of Habitability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-warranty-habitability-new-york-1121): Legal Issue: Breach of Warranty of Habitability for New York.
- [Constructive Eviction](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/constructive-eviction-new-york-1122): Real Estate Corp. (1970) 26 N.Y.2d 77, 83.)
- [False Advertising/Misleading Advertising](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/false-advertising-misleading-advertising-new-york-1124): Transp.
- [Misappropriation of Name or Likeness](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/misappropriation-name-likeness-new-york-1126): Legal Issue: Misappropriation of Name or Likeness for New York.
- [Misappropriation of Trade Secrets](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/misappropriation-trade-secrets-new-york-1127): Ct. 2015\] quoting Greenwich Mills Co., Inc. v. Barrie House Coffee Co., Inc. (1983) 91 A.D.2d 398, 405; Computer Associates Int'l, Inc. v. Bryan (1992) 784 F. Supp. 982, 987-88.)
- [New York Property Tax Assessments](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/new-york-property-tax-assessments-1123): Legal Issue: New York Property Tax Assessments for New York.
- [Products Liability – Express/Implied Warranty Breach](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/products-liability-express-implied-warranty-breach-new-york-1129): Ct. 2020\] citing Voss v Black & Decker Mfg.
- [Products Liability – Implied Warranty of Merchantability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/products-liability-implied-warranty-merchantability-new-york-1130): Legal Issue: Products Liability – Implied Warranty of Merchantability for New York.
- [Products Liability – Manufacturing Defect](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/products-liability-manufacturing-defect-new-york-1132): Legal Issue: Products Liability – Manufacturing Defect for New York.
- [Products Liability— Design Defect](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/products-liability-design-defect-new-york-1131): Co. (1983) 59 N.Y.2d 102; Wong v. Electrolux N. Am., Inc., 2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 33152, 2-3 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Real Property — Condemnation and Inverse Condemnation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/real-property-condemnation-inverse-condemnation-new-york-1134): Authority, 2011 N.Y. Slip Op. 31904, 4-5 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Real Property — Eminent Domain](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/real-property-eminent-domain-new-york-1133): Legal Issue: Real Property — Eminent Domain for New York.
- [Right of Redemption in Foreclosure Actions](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/right-redemption-in-foreclosure-actions-new-york-1135): Legal Issue: Right of Redemption in Foreclosure Actions for New York.
- [Usurious Loan Transactions](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/usurious-loan-transactions-new-york-1125): Legal Issue: Usurious Loan Transactions for New York.

## Contracts Legal Issues

- [Breach of Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-covenant-good-faith-fair-dealing-new-york-1136): Ct. 2013\] citing Bi-Economy Mkt., Inc. v. Harleysville Ins. Co. of N.Y. (2008) 10 N.Y.3d 187, 194.)
- [Tortious Interference with a Contract](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/tortious-interference-with-a-contract-new-york-1137): Legal Issue: Tortious Interference with a Contract for New York.

## Debt Legal Issues

- [Account Stated](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/account-stated-new-york-1138): Legal Issue: Account Stated for New York.
- [Prejudgment Attachment](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/prejudgment-attachment-new-york-1139): Because attachment is a harsh remedy, the statute must be strictly construed in favor of those against whom it may be applied.
- [Receivership (Order Appointing Receiver)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/receivership-order-appointing-receiver-new-york-1140): Ct. 2010\] citing generally Siegel, New York Practice 4th § 322 Temporary Receivership.)
- [Wage Garnishment (Income Execution)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/wage-garnishment-income-execution-new-york-1141): Bienstock v. Rockland Cnty.

## Disability Legal Issues

- [Disability Discrimination — Employment](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/disability-discrimination-employment-new-york-1142): In New York, “the State Human Rights Law and the City Human Rights Law set forth distinct legal standards for establishing the existence of a covered disability that can be reasonably accommodated.” (Jacobsen v. N.Y. City Health & Hosp.
- [Disability Discrimination — Place of Public Accommodation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/disability-discrimination-place-public-accommodation-new-york-1143): Legal Issue: Disability Discrimination — Place of Public Accommodation for New York.

## Education Legal Issues

- [Education and School Bullying](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/education-school-bullying-new-york-1144): In 2012, the New York State Legislature observed:.
- [Individuals with Disabilities Education Act](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act-new-york-1145): The board of education of a school district is charged with the responsibility of providing a free appropriate public education to each student with a disability who resides in the district and who requires special education services or programs. (Matter of Appl.

## Election Law Legal Issues

- [Casting and Canvassing Ballots](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/casting-canvassing-ballots-new-york-1225): Bd. of Elections (2021) 71 Misc. 3d 400, 406 citing Election Law § 5-100 ; NY Const. Art. II, §§ 5, 6.)
- [Designating Petition (Petition Validation)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/designating-petition-petition-validation-new-york-1224): Among other things, the statute requires a subscribing witness to set forth the total number of signatures on a sheet of a designating petition.

## Estate Planning Legal Issues

- [Appointment of Guardian Ad Litem](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/appointment-guardian-ad-litem-new-york-1166): Legal Issue: Appointment of Guardian Ad Litem for New York.
- [Breach of Fiduciary Duty by a Trustee](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-fiduciary-duty-by-a-trustee-new-york-1146): Legal Issue: Breach of Fiduciary Duty by a Trustee for New York.
- [Constructive Trust](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/constructive-trust-new-york-1147): Legal Issue: Constructive Trust for New York.
- [Cy Pres Doctrine and Cy Pres Relief](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/cy-pres-doctrine-cy-pres-relief-new-york-1150): Legal Issue: Cy Pres Doctrine and Cy Pres Relief for New York.
- [Equitable Reformation of Trust and Equitable Deviation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/equitable-reformation-trust-equitable-deviation-new-york-1148): Legal Issue: Equitable Reformation of Trust and Equitable Deviation for New York.
- [Guardian of the Estate](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/guardian-estate-new-york-1149): Under N.Y. Mental Hyg.
- [Settlement Trust Agreement (Infant or Minor)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/settlement-trust-agreement-infant-minor-new-york-1165): Ctr., 2008 N.Y. Slip Op. 33682, 2-3 \[N.Y. Sup.

## Family Law & Divorce Legal Issues

- [Elder Abuse and Neglect](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/elder-abuse-neglect-new-york-1167): Ct. Dec. 15, 2021\] citing Lawrence Robinson, Joanna Saisan & Jeanne Segal, Elder Abuse & Neglect: Warning Signs, Risk Factors, Prevention, and Reporting Abuse, http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder \_abuse \_physical\_emotional\_sexual\_neglect.htm \[last updated Feb. 2014.\])
- [Grandparent Visitation Rights](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/grandparent-visitation-new-york-1168): Legal Issue: Grandparent Visitation Rights for New York.
- [Loss of Consortium](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/loss-consortium-new-york-1169): Ct. 2011\].)
- [Modification of Child Support](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/modification-child-support-new-york-1170): Legal Issue: Modification of Child Support for New York.
- [Modification of Custody/Visitation Order](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/modification-custody-visitation-order-new-york-1171): Legal Issue: Modification of Custody/Visitation Order for New York.
- [Modification of Spousal Support](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/modification-spousal-support-new-york-1172): Ct. 2016\].)
- [Termination of Parental Rights](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/termination-parental-rights-new-york-1173): The fundamental right to parent one's child in the manner one sees fit is one of the most cherished in our society, provided special constitutional protection. (In re Matthew V., 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 27445, 5 \[N.Y. Fam. Ct. 2017\] citing and quoting Troxel v. Granville (2000) 530 U.S. 57; Santosky v. Kramer (1982) 455 U.S. 745; Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) 406 U.S. 205; Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) 268 U.S. 510; Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) 262 U.S. 390; Bennett v. Jeffreys (1976) 40 N.Y.2d 543.)

## Fraud Legal Issues

- [Conversion](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/conversion-new-york-1178): Legal Issue: Conversion for New York.

## Government Legal Issues

- [Article 78 Proceeding](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/article-78-proceeding-new-york-1215): Legal Issue: Article 78 Proceeding for New York.
- [New York False Claims Law](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/new-york-false-claims-law-1214): Grupp v. DHL Express (USA), Inc. (2012) 19 N.Y.3d 278, 288 citing State Finance Law § 189\[1\]\[a\], \[b\], \[g\].)

## Health Law Legal Issues

- [Informed Consent Statute](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/informed-consent-statute-new-york-1216): After defining ‘\[l\]ack of informed consent’ as:.
- [Nursing Home Negligence in Violation of Public Health Law](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/nursing-home-negligence-in-violation-public-health-law-new-york-1217): Ct. 2010\] citing D'Elia v Menorah Home and Hosp. for Aged Infirm (2008) 51 A.D.3d at 850; see also Alexander v American Med.

## Insurance Legal Issues

- [Anti-Subrogation Rule](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/anti-subrogation-rule-new-york-1218): Under the anti-subrogation rule, an insurer cannot be a subrogee against its insured on the claim for which the insured was covered. (Lawson v. R&L Carriers, Inc., 2013 N.Y. Slip Op. 33581, 3 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Collateral Source Rule](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/collateral-source-rule-new-york-1220): Ct. 2012\].)
- [Contractual Indemnification](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/contractual-indemnification-new-york-1219): Crane Collapse Litig.), 2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 30607, 5 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Disclaimer of Coverage](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/disclaimer-coverage-new-york-1222): The requirements for a valid disclaimer are found under Insurance Law § 3420(d).
- [Insurer's Duty to Defend](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/insurer-s-duty-to-defend-new-york-1223): Ave.
- [Subrogation](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/subrogation-new-york-1221): Subrogation is the principle by which an insurer, having paid losses of its insured, is placed in the position of its insured so that it may recover from the third party legally responsible for the loss. (Winkelmann v. Excelsior Ins. Co. (1995) 85 N.Y.2d 577, 581 citing 16 Couch, Insurance 2d § 61:1 \[rev ed\]; 23 N.Y. Jur. 2d, Contribution, Indemnity and Subrogation, § 3.)

## Labor & Employment Legal Issues

- [Anti-Competition Covenants](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/anti-competition-covenants-new-york-1175): It is well established that restrictive covenants that tend to prevent an employee from pursuing a similar vocation upon termination or retirement from employment are disfavored by the law. (Briskin v. All Seasons Services, Inc. (1994) 206 A.D.2d 906 citing Columbia Ribbon Carbon Mfg.
- [Arbitration Provisions in Employment Agreements](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/arbitration-provisions-in-employment-agreements-new-york-1174): Legal Issue: Arbitration Provisions in Employment Agreements for New York.
- [Disability Discrimination – Failure to Engage in Good Faith Interactive Process](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/disability-discrimination-failure-to-engage-in-good-faith-interactive-process-new-york-1176): New York Courts consider disability and interactive process claims under the New York City Human Rights Law in the Administrative Code of City of N.Y. § 8–107 and the New York State Human Rights Law under Executive Law § 296 most often where the issue is an employer's failure to consider the reasonableness of a proposed accommodation for a generally qualified employee's disability via a good faith interactive process. (See, e.g. Jacobsen v. N.Y. City Health & Hosp.
- [ERISA Preemption](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/erisa-preemption-new-york-1177): Legal Issue: ERISA Preemption for New York.
- [Failure to Pay Overtime and/or Prevailing Wages](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/failure-to-pay-overtime-prevailing-wages-new-york-1181): Legal Issue: Failure to Pay Overtime and/or Prevailing Wages for New York.
- [Freelancers/Gig Workers/Private Instructors—Employment Context](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/freelancers-gig-workers-private-instructors-employment-context-new-york-1179): Although an independent contractor is not considered an employee for the purposes of Labor Law § 190, “\[t\]he critical inquiry in determining whether an employment relationship exists pertains to the degree of control exercised by the purported employer over the results produced or the means used to achieve the results.” (Kausal v. Educ.
- [Negligent Hiring, Retention, and Supervision](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/negligent-hiring-retention-supervision-new-york-1180): Legal Issue: Negligent Hiring, Retention, and Supervision for New York.
- [Quantum Meruit and Employment Contracts](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/quantum-meruit-employment-contracts-new-york-1187): Legal Issue: Quantum Meruit and Employment Contracts for New York.
- [Retaliation in Violation of City and State Human Rights Law (HRL)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/retaliation-in-violation-city-state-hrl-new-york-1182): If courts were to construe this language to make actionable only conduct that has caused a materially adverse impact on terms and conditions of employment, it would constitute a significant narrowing of the Council's proscription on retaliation "in any manner."
- [Sex/Gender Discrimination in Violation of New York State Human Rights Law (NYSHRL)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/sex-gender-discrimination-in-violation-new-york-state-human-rights-law-nyshrl-1183): The NYCHRL prohibits discrimination in employment based upon, inter alia, gender, and prohibits aiding and abetting discrimination or retaliation for an employee's protected activity in response to discrimination. (See Administrative Code of City of NY §§ 8-101, 8-107; Macchio v. Michaels Elec.
- [Sexual Harassment in Violation of New York State Human Rights Law (NYSHRL)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/sexual-harassment-in-violation-nyshrl-new-york-1184): Ct. 2021\] citing Executive Law § 296\[1\] \[a\]).
- [Wage and Hour Violations Under Wage Theft Prevention Act (WTPA) and Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/wage-hour-violations-under-wtpa-flsa-new-york-1185): Pursuant to New York Labor Law § 195(1)(a) (the Wage Theft Prevention Act, or WTPA), every employer shall provide its employees in writing and at the time of hiring, a notice containing information related to the rates of pay and basis thereof.
- [Wrongful Termination – Employment Contract](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/wrongful-termination-employment-contract-new-york-1186): The court in Daub v. Future Tech Enterprise, \[Inc., 65 A.D.3d 1004, 1005 N.Y. App. Div. 2009\] held that a lower court properly dismissed a wrongful termination of employment claim “since New York does not recognize a cause of action in tort for abusive or wrongful discharge of an at-will employee.” (Id., citing Lobosco v. New York Tel.

## Land Use & Zoning Legal Issues

- [Adverse Possession](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/adverse-possession-new-york-1188): The acquisition of title by adverse possession is not favored under the law. (See, Ray v. Beacon Hudson Mtn.
- [Breach of Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-covenant-quiet-enjoyment-new-york-1192): There must be an actual ouster, either total or partial.
- [Eminent Domain](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/eminent-domain-new-york-1191): Under the Eminent Domain Procedure Law (EDPL), a two-step process is required before a condemnor obtains title to property for public use.
- [Implied Easements and Easements by Necessity](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/implied-easements-easements-by-necessity-new-york-1189): LLC v. McSweeney's Red Hots, Inc., 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 34512, 7 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Prescriptive Easement](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/prescriptive-easement-new-york-1190): Legal Issue: Prescriptive Easement for New York.

## Landlord – Tenant Legal Issues

- [Breach of Warranty of Habitability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-warranty-habitability-new-york-1193): Legal Issue: Breach of Warranty of Habitability for New York.
- [Unlawful Evictions Law](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/unlawful-evictions-law-new-york-1194): Legal Issue: Unlawful Evictions Law for New York.

## Legal Ethics Legal Issues

- [Attorney Misconduct](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/attorney-misconduct-new-york-1195): Circumvent a disciplinary rule through actions of another.
- [Attorney-Client Privilege—Crime-Fraud Exception](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/attorney-client-privilege-crime-fraud-exception-new-york-1200): N.Y. Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.6(b)(2), N.Y. Comp.Codes R. & Regs. tit. 22, § 1200.0 allow a lawyer to reveal confidential information “to the extent that the lawyer reasonably believes necessary ... to prevent the client from committing a crime.” (Nuss v. Sabad (2013) 976 F. Supp. 2d 231, 242-43.)
- [Conduct of Judges](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/conduct-judges-new-york-1196): Legal Issue: Conduct of Judges for New York.
- [Law Firm/Attorney Disqualification](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/law-firm-attorney-disqualification-new-york-1197): LLC, 2016 N.Y. Slip Op. 31976, 2 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Misappropriation of Client Settlement Proceeds or Funds](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/misappropriation-client-settlement-proceeds-funds-new-york-1199): Legal Issue: Misappropriation of Client Settlement Proceeds or Funds for New York.
- [Rooker-Feldman Doctrine](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/rooker-feldman-doctrine-new-york-1201): The doctrine precludes federal district court jurisdiction where the suit is in fact a collateral attack on a final state court judgment.
- [Withdrawal for Good Cause from Client Matter—Attorney/Law Firm](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/withdrawal-for-good-cause-from-client-matter-attorney-law-firm-new-york-1202): Withdrawal of counsel is governed by Local Civil Rule 1.4, which states:.

## Maritime Legal Issues

- [Jones Act](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/jones-act-new-york-1203): The Jones Act provides, in relevant part:.
- [Longshoreman's and Harbor Worker's Compensation Act](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/longshoreman-s-harbor-worker-s-compensation-act-new-york-1204): Ct. 2009\] citing Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Morganti (2005) 412 F.3d 407, 411.)

## Other Issues Legal Issues

- [Abuse of Process](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/abuse-process-new-york-1205): Legal Issue: Abuse of Process for New York.
- [Freedom of Information Law (FOIL)](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/freedom-information-law-foil-new-york-1206): Ct. 2019\] citing Matter of Johnson v. New York City Police Dept. (1999) 257 A.D.2d 343, 346; see also Matter of Abdur-Rashid v. New York City Police Dept. (2018) 31 N.Y.3d 217, 224-225 \[“The statute is based on the policy that the public is vested with an inherent right to know and that official secrecy is anathematic to our form of government.”\] ).

## Property & Real Estate Legal Issues

- [Breach of Bailment](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/breach-bailment-new-york-1207): Bailment and replevin cases present classic examples of substantive demands. (U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n v. Greenpoint Mortg.
- [Foreclosure Sale and Set Aside of Foreclosure Sale](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/foreclosure-sale-set-aside-foreclosure-sale-new-york-1208): Legal Issue: Foreclosure Sale and Set Aside of Foreclosure Sale for New York.
- [Homestead Exemption](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/homestead-exemption-new-york-1209): The Homestead Exemption is codified in CPLR § 5206 (a).
- [Mechanic’s Lien](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/mechanic-s-lien-new-york-1210): LLC, 2021 N.Y. Slip Op. 30872, 6-7 \[N.Y. Sup.
- [Private Nuisance](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/private-nuisance-new-york-1211): Ct. 2007\] citing 2 NY PJI2d 3:16 \[2007\].)
- [Quiet Title](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/quiet-title-new-york-1212): Elec.
- [Rent Stabilization Code](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/rent-stabilization-code-new-york-1213): Legal Issue: Rent Stabilization Code for New York.

## Torts Legal Issues

- [Strict Product Liability](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/strict-product-liability-new-york-3598): Strict product liability holds manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers accountable for injuries caused by defective products, regardless of negligence.

## Zoning Legal Issues

- [Restrictions on Short Term Rentals](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/restrictions-on-short-term-rentals-new-york-1226): Under New York Multiple Dwelling Law — enforced by the New York City Department of Buildings (the DOB)— a building or structure classified as “Class A,” means that “it may be used solely for permanent occupancy, i.e., occupancy for at least thirty consecutive days, and not as a transient hotel.”
- [Zoning Classification](https://trellis.law/ny/issue-type/zoning-classification-new-york-1227): LLC v. Inc. Village of Greenport, 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 31943, 6 \[N.Y. Sup.