# California Legal Issues | Trellis

> Every legal issue Trellis tracks in California Superior Courts, with a link to each issue's page of example rulings and judge data.

Last updated: 2026-10-26

## Accidents and Injuries Legal Issues

- [Animals with Dangerous Propensities](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/animals-with-dangerous-propensities-e-g-dogs-california-165): One who harbors or keeps a wild animal or domestic animal with known dangerous tendencies is strictly liable for the harm it causes.
- [Battery (Civil)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/battery-civil-california-53): Rains v. Super.
- [Battery – Medical (Civil)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/battery-medical-civil-california-172): Where a doctor obtains consent of the patient to perform one type of treatment and subsequently performs a substantially different treatment for which consent was not obtained, there is a clear case of battery. (Cobbs v. Grant (1972) 8 Cal. 3d 229, 239.)
- [Battery – Sexual (Civil)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/battery-sexual-civil-california-191): The cause of action for sexual battery in a civil suit is provided in Civ. Code § 1708.5 .
- [Dangerous Condition of Public Property](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/dangerous-condition-public-property-california-173): Legal Issue: Dangerous Condition of Public Property for California.
- [Failure to Recall Claims](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/failure-to-recall-claims-california-219): Plaintiff must prove all of the following:.
- [Gross Negligence](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/gross-negligence-california-4): Gross negligence is pleaded by alleging the traditional elements of negligence: duty, breach, causation, and damages.
- [Medical Malpractice](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/medical-malpractice-california-221): Medical malpractice occurs when a medical or healthcare professional’s negligent acts or omissions causes injury to a patient.
- [Negligence](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligence-california-1): The elements of any negligence cause of action are duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, and damages.
- [Negligence Per Se](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligence-per-se-california-3): Although compliance with the law does not prove the absence of negligence, violation of the law does raise a presumption that the violator was negligent.
- [Negligence – Personal Injury](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligence-personal-injury-california-222): The elements of a negligence claim and a premises liability claim are the same: a legal duty of care, breach of that duty, and proximate cause resulting in injury. (Ladd v. County of San Mateo (1996) 12 Cal. 4th 913, 917.)
- [Negligence – Res Ipsa Loquitor](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligence-res-ipsa-loquitor-california-188): Res ipsa loquitor “is a way for a plaintiff to use a shortcut of circumstantial evidence to prove negligence.” (Howe v. Seven Forty Two Co., Inc. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1155, 1161).
- [Negligent and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligent-intentional-infliction-emotional-distress-california-186): An IIED cause of action consists of three elements: extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant with the intention of causing, or reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress; the plaintiff’s suffering of severe or extreme emotional distress; and actual and proximate causation of the emotional distress by the defendant’s outrageous conduct.(Hughes v. Pair (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1035, 1050).
- [Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligent-entrustment-motor-vehicle-california-163): To establish a claim of Negligent Entrustment of Motor Vehicle, plaintiff must prove all of the following:.
- [Premises Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/premises-liability-california-5): The elements of a premises liability and negligence cause of action are the same: duty, breach, causation and damages.
- [Primary Assumption of Risk](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/primary-assumption-risk-california-2): Connelly v. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 8, 11.
- [Primary Assumption of Risk – Sports](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/primary-assumption-risk-sports-california-169): The primary assumption of the risk doctrine bars a plaintiff’s recovery for negligence when “it can be established that, because of the nature of the activity involved and the parties’ relationship to the activity, the defendant owed the plaintiff no duty of care.” (Neighbarger v. Irwin Industries, Inc. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 532, 538; see also Avila v. Citrus Community College Dist. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 148, 161 (“Primary assumption of the risk arises when, as a matter of law and policy, a defendant owes no duty to protect a plaintiff from particular harms”).)
- [Professional Negligence – Medical](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/professional-negligence-medical-california-166): Legal Issue: Professional Negligence – Medical for California.
- [Recreational Use Immunity](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/recreational-use-immunity-california-322): The recreational use immunity statute, codified in Civ. Code, § 846 , creates an exception to the general rule of Rowland v. Christian (1968) 69 Cal.2d 108 that a private landowner owes a duty of reasonable care to any person coming onto the land. (Jackson v. Pacific Gas Electric Co. (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 1110, 1114 citing Ornelas v. Randolph (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1095, 1099.)
- [Ultrahazardous Activities](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/ultrahazardous-activities-california-164): Where the activity is dangerous only if insufficient care is exercised, ordinary rules of fault are sufficient for allocation of the risk.

## Business Law Legal Issues

- [Agreement Formalized by Electronic Means (UETA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/agreement-formalized-by-electronic-means-ueta-california-73): Ruiz v. Moss Bros.
- [Antitrust Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/antitrust-laws-california-206): Business & Professions Code §16750(a) .
- [Arbitration Agreements](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/arbitration-agreement-california-72): Legal Issue: Arbitration Agreements for California.
- [Breach of Contract – Failing to Deliver Goods Sold or Promised](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-contract-failing-to-deliver-goods-sold-promised-california-224): Elements for a Breach of Contract:.
- [Breach of Contract – General](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-contract-general-california-55): Whether it is written, oral, or implied, the elements for breach of contract are:.
- [Breach of Contract – Not Completing a Job](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-contract-not-completing-a-job-california-185): Legal Issue: Breach of Contract – Not Completing a Job for California.
- [Breach of Contract – Not Paying in Full or On Time](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-contract-not-paying-in-full-on-time-california-196): Failure to pay in accordance with a contract constitutes a failure to perform, which is the second element of a breach of contract cause of action.
- [Breach of Contract – Third Party Beneficiary Claims](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-contract-third-party-beneficiary-california-67): Goonewardene v. ADP, LLC (2019) 6 Cal.5th 817, 826–27.
- [Civil Conspiracy](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/civil-conspiracy-california-142): Legal Issue: Civil Conspiracy for California.
- [Commercial Disparagement](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/commercial-disparagement-california-179): Legal Issue: Commercial Disparagement for California.
- [Contract Formation](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/contract-formation-california-62): Roth v. Malson (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 552.
- [Defamation](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/defamation-california-98): Civil Code, sections 44 - 48 set forth the definitions of the two forms of defamation, libel (written) and slander (oral), and the privilege exceptions to defamation.
- [Franchise Tax](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/franchise-tax-california-278): Each year, all corporations doing business in California, including:.
- [Fraud](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fraud-california-75): To state a claim based on fraudulent omission or concealment, a plaintiff must allege the following elements:.
- [Fraudulent Concealment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fraudulent-concealment-california-178): Legal Issue: Fraudulent Concealment for California.
- [Fraudulent Inducement](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fraudulent-inducement-california-181): Fraud in the inducement occurs where a party’s assent to a contract is obtained through “conscious misrepresentation, or concealment, or non-disclosure of a material fact which induces the innocent party to enter the contract.” (Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School Dist. (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 123, 128; see also Civ. Code, § 1572 .)
- [Health and Safety Regulations – Cal/OSHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/health-safety-regulations-cal-osha-california-195): The California Supreme Court recently held that a UCL claim based on workforce safety regulations is not preempted.
- [Independent Contractors and Third-Party Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/independent-contractors-third-party-liability-california-260): An independent contractor is a status conferred upon an individual who can satisfactorily prove.
- [Independent Contractors vs. Employees](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/independent-contractors-vs-employees-california-192): In Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (2018) 4 Cal. 5th 903 the court considered “what standard applies, under California law, in determining whether workers should be classified as employees or as independent contractors for purposes of California wage orders, which impose obligations relating to the minimum wages, maximum hours, and a limited number of very basic working conditions (such as minimally required meal and rest breaks) of California employees.” (Id. at 913-914.)
- [Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/intentional-interference-with-contractual-relations-california-56): The elements of a cause of action for intentional interference with contractual relations are:.
- [Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/interference-with-prospective-economic-advantage-california-76): Settimo Associates v. Environ Systems, Inc. (1993) 14 Cal. App. 4th 842, 845; see also Roth v. Rhodes (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 530, 546.
- [Labor Code Regulations in the Garment Industry](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/labor-code-regulations-in-garment-industry-california-210): The Garment Industry in California is regulated by the Labor Code statutes (CA Labor Code §§2671 - 2692) and the California Code of Regulations (CA CR §§ 13600 - 13659), as promulgated by the California state Department of Industrial Relations and overseen by the Labor Commissioner (the “Commissioner”), who is advised by a 15-member advisory committee appointed by the Commissioner (CA LC §2674.1 and CA CR §13632).
- [Lemon Law (Song Beverly Consumer Warranty Act)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/lemon-law-song-beverly-consumer-warranty-act-california-80): Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act “lemon law” cases are causes of actions whereby:.
- [Non-Disclosure Agreements](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/non-disclosure-agreement-california-197): Legal Issue: Non-Disclosure Agreements for California.
- [Non-Solicitation Clauses](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/non-solicitation-clauses-california-207): A contractual provision preventing a departing employee from “raiding” his former employer’s employees is “not void on its face under Business and Professions Code § 16600 .”
- [Product Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/product-liability-california-57): Legal Issue: Product Liability for California.
- [Professional Negligence – Attorney Malpractice](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/professional-negligence-attorney-malpractice-california-170): Legal Issue: Professional Negligence – Attorney Malpractice for California.
- [Professional Negligence – Breach of Fiduciary Duty](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/professional-negligence-breach-fiduciary-duty-california-77): Legal Issue: Professional Negligence – Breach of Fiduciary Duty for California.
- [Professional Negligence – General](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/professional-negligence-general-california-61): The elements of a claim for professional negligence are:.
- [Promissory Fraud](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/promissory-fraud-california-182): Promissory fraud (aka false promise) is sometimes referred to as a claim of “fraudulent inducement.” (Food Safety Net Services v. Eco Safe Systems USA, Inc. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 1118, 1131.
- [Rescission](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/rescission-california-225): The essential elements of contract formation:.
- [Restraint of Trade](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/restraint-trade-california-141): Ct. (1997) 51 Cal.App.4th 1672, 1680-1681.)
- [Slander or Disparagement of Title](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/slander-disparagement-title-california-180): Slander of title requires “disparagement of another's land which is relied upon by a third party and which results in a pecuniary loss.” (Smith v. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co. (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 625, 630.)
- [Social Media](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/social-media-california-193): Prohibits the intentional interception or disclosure or of “any wire, oral, or electronic communication,” including the use of communication the user knows was obtained through such interception.
- [State Tax Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/state-tax-laws-california-208): California Revenue and Taxation Code ("R&T Code") § 6016 defines "tangible personal property" as "personal property which may be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched, or which is in any other manner perceptible to the senses."
- [Trade Libel](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/trade-libel-california-145): Trade libel is an intentional disparagement of the quality of services or product of a business that results in pecuniary damage to the plaintiff. (J-M Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Phillips & Cohen LLP (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 87, 97 citing City of Costa Mesa v. D’Alessio Investments, LLC (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 358, 376.; see also ComputerXpress, Inc. v. Jackson (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 993, 1010; Polygram Records, Inc. v. Superior Court (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 543, 548; CACI 1731.)
- [Unfair Competition](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unfair-competition-california-78): K.C. Multimedia, Inc. v. Bank of America Technology & Operations, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 939, 961.
- [Unfair Practices Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unfair-practices-act-california-79): The Unfair Practices Act (UPA) is codified at Business & Professions Code sections 17000 , et seq. The purpose of the UPA “is to safeguard the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster and encourage competition, by prohibiting unfair, dishonest, deceptive, destructive, fraudulent and discriminatory practices by which fair and honest competition is destroyed or prevented.” ( Bus. & Prof. Code § 17001 .)

## Civil and Human Rights Legal Issues

- [Violations of the Ralph and Bane Acts](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/violations-ralph-bane-acts-california-81): The Ralph Act broadly provides that all persons have the right to be free from violence and intimidation by threat of violence based on, among other things, race, religion, ancestry, national origin, political affiliation, sex, or position in a labor dispute. ( Civ. Code § 51.7 .)

## Constitutional Law Legal Issues

- [Anti-SLAPP Claims](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/anti-slapp-claims-california-176): A Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP) is a lawsuit "brought primarily to chill the valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of grievances." ( Code Civ. Proc, § 425.16(a) .)

## Construction Law Legal Issues

- [Construction and Subcontractor Contracts](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/construction-subcontractor-contracts-california-438): Cal. Civ. Code § 2782 provides in relevant part:.
- [General Contractor - Affirmative Defenses](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/general-contractor-affirmative-defenses-california-451): Civil Code Sec. 936 provides:.
- [Latent Defects](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/latent-defects-california-437): Code of Civil Procedure sections 337.1 and 337.15, are statutes of repose. (See Mills v. Forestex Co. (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 625, 644.)
- [Patent Defects](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/patent-defects-california-436): Under CCP § 337.1 “patent deficiency” is defined as “a deficiency which is apparent by reasonable inspection.”
- [Right to Repair Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/right-to-repair-act-california-435): Legal Issue: Right to Repair Act for California.
- [Standards for Residential Construction](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/standards-for-residential-construction-california-452): Civil Code section 896 establishes a set of standards for residential construction, and provides tort liability for entities that fail to meet those standards. (Civ. Code, Sec. 896 \[“In any action seeking recovery of damages arising out of, or related to deficiencies in, the residential construction ... a builder ... shall, except as specifically set forth in this title, be liable for, and the claimant's claims or causes of action shall be limited to violation of, the following standards, except as specifically set forth in this title”\].) (Homes v. Superior Court of San Diego Cnty. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1090, 1101.)
- [Strict Liability for New Construction](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/strict-liability-for-new-construction-california-453): Legal Issue: Strict Liability for New Construction for California.

## Consumer Rights Legal Issues

- [Asbestos](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/asbestos-california-152): Under California law, 8 CCR § 1529 applies to employers and provides safety regulations to protect the employees from asbestos exposure. (See, also 8 § 1502(a) ).
- [Certificate of Facts re: Unsatisfied Judgment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/certificate-facts-re-unsatisfied-judgment-california-429): Cal. Veh.
- [Euthanasia](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/euthanasia-california-148): The End of Life Option Act authorizes a terminally ill patient with the capacity to make medical decisions to request a prescription for a lethal dose of drugs, insulates a prescribing physician from criminal liability, and sets forth rigorous procedures and safeguards to protect against abuse. (Assem.
- [False Advertising](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/false-advertising-california-74): The Unfair Competition Law (UCL) prohibits “unfair competition,” which means and includes “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising....”
- [Fraudulent Misrepresentation](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fraudulent-misrepresentation-california-146): Legal Issue: Fraudulent Misrepresentation for California.
- [Improper Payment from Account](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/improper-payment-from-account-california-418): Legal Issue: Improper Payment from Account for California.
- [Interest Rates and Usury Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/interest-rates-usury-laws-california-151): California’s usury law, found in Article XV, Section 1 of the California Constitution, limits the interest rate which may be charged on nonpersonal loans.
- [Marijuana Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/marijuana-s-legality-california-174): Legal Issue: Marijuana Laws for California.
- [Misappropriation of Name or Likeness](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/misappropriation-name-likeness-california-104): Legal Issue: Misappropriation of Name or Likeness for California.
- [Misappropriation of Trade Secrets](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/misappropriation-trade-secrets-california-103): To prevail on a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret and to recover damages, Plaintiff must prove:.
- [Pain and Suffering Damages](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/pain-suffering-damages-california-157): A plaintiff is entitled to compensatory damages for physical pain and mental suffering that accompany or otherwise result from physical injury. (Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1972) 7 Cal.3d 889, 893.)
- [Privacy – False Light](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-false-light-california-97): False light requires publicity.
- [Privacy – Intrusion into Private Affairs](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-intrusion-into-private-affairs-california-95): The tort of intrusion into private affairs “encompasses unconsented-to physical intrusion into the home, hospital room or other place the privacy of which is legally recognized, as well as unwarranted sensory intrusions such as eavesdropping, wiretapping, and visual or photographic spying.”
- [Privacy – Invasion of Privacy](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-invasion-privacy-california-94): It is a fundamental and compelling interest.
- [Privacy – Online](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-online-california-190): The privacy of an individual’s information in California is protected by a number of legal sources, including the U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court rulings, Federal statutes, the California Constitution and California state laws governing information privacy.
- [Privacy – Privacy Policy Requirements](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-privacy-policy-california-189): The first line of California’s Constitution (after the Preamble) establishes that “All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights...\[including\] privacy.”
- [Privacy – Public Disclosure of Private Facts](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-public-disclosure-private-facts-california-96): Legal Issue: Privacy – Public Disclosure of Private Facts for California.
- [Privacy – School Record Privacy Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/privacy-school-record-privacy-laws-california-150): Legal Issue: Privacy – School Record Privacy Laws for California.
- [Products Liability – Express Warranty](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-express-warranty-california-89): Legal Issue: Products Liability – Express Warranty for California.
- [Products Liability – Implied Warranty](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-implied-warranty-california-90): To establish this claim, the plaintiff must prove all of the following:.
- [Products Liability – Implied Warranty of Merchantability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-implied-warranty-merchantability-california-213): Legal Issue: Products Liability – Implied Warranty of Merchantability for California.
- [Products Liability – Negligent Products Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-negligent-products-liability-california-194): Negligence in Products Liability Actions in California are governed by principles of Common Law and the Judicial Council of California’s Jury Instructions (“CACI”).
- [Products Liability – Negligent Repair](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-negligent-repair-california-108): The elements of a cause of action for negligence include:.
- [Property Taxes, Default and Redemption](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-property-taxes-265): Revenue & Tax § 62.1 In California, all property is taxable unless exempted by the state or federal constitution. (Cal. Const., art. XIII, § 1.)
- [Proposition 65 – Drinking Water and Toxins](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/proposition-65-drinking-water-toxins-california-91): The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, colloquially known as Proposition 65, is a statutory public-interest settlement provision.
- [Rights of Publicity & Privacy for Deceased Persons](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/rights-publicity-privacy-for-deceased-persons-california-109): The publicity rights to a “deceased personality’s” name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness are “property rights” that are freely transferrable, in whole or in part, by contract or by means of a testamentary instrument of the deceased personality effective on the date of his or her death.
- [Sales Tax](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/sales-tax-california-496): In Loeffler, consumers sued retailer Target, claiming it was improperly charging them sales tax reimbursement on sales of hot coffee sold “to go.” (58 Cal. 4th at 1092.)
- [Strict Products Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/strict-products-liability-california-82): Garrett v. Howmedica Osteonics Corp. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 173, 181-82.
- [Tax Returns and Privilege](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/tax-returns-privilege-california-217): In California, state and federal tax returns are privileged.
- [Wiretapping Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wiretapping-law-california-275): The Invasion of Privacy Act, enacted in 1967 with subsequent amendments, is encoded at Penal Code § 630, et seq. It prohibits wiretapping, and also bars a person from recording a conversation with another absent the other person's knowledge and consent. (Penal Code § 632.)

## Contracts Legal Issues

- [Breach of Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-covenant-good-faith-fair-dealing-california-247): Elements for breach of contract:.

## Debt Legal Issues

- [Account Stated](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/account-stated-california-54): Inquiry may not be had into those matters at all.
- [Acknowledgment of Satisfaction of Judgment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/acknowledgment-satisfaction-judgment-california-299): When a money judgment is satisfied, the judgment creditor shall immediately file an acknowledgment of satisfaction of judgment. ( Code of Civ. Proc., § 724.030 ; Horath v. Hess (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 456, 468.)
- [Affidavit of Identity](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/affidavit-identity-california-455): An affidavit of identity is “an affidavit or declaration executed by a judgment creditor, under penalty of perjury, that is filed with the clerk of the court in which the judgment is entered at the time the judgment creditor files for a writ of execution or an abstract of judgment.” (Code of Civ. Proc., § 680.135.)
- [Application for Withdrawal of Funds on Deposit](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/application-for-withdrawal-funds-on-deposit-california-323): Under California's “quick-take” eminent domain procedure a public entity filing a condemnation action may seek immediate possession of the condemned property upon depositing with the court the probable compensation for the property. (Mt.
- [Assignment of Judgment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/assignment-judgment-california-364): A judgment creditor may assign a judgment to a third person. ( Civil Code § 954 .)
- [Bankruptcy Discharge of Judgment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/bankruptcy-discharge-judgment-california-374): A discharge in bankruptcy must involve a “debt” (see 11 U.S.C. Sec. 101(12)), the debt must not be excepted from discharge (see 11 U.S.C. Sec. 523), and the debtor must not be subject to denial of discharge (see 11 U.S.C. Secs. 727(a), 1141(d)).
- [Bankruptcy – Federal](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/bankruptcy-federal-california-279): As a general matter, a person lacks standing to sue “if, for example, it is not a real property in interest.” (Color-Vue, Inc. v. Abrams (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1599, 1604, fn. 4).
- [Bankruptcy's Effect on State Court Litigation](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/bankruptcy-s-effect-on-state-law-california-296): The filing of the bankruptcy divests state courts of jurisdiction. (Issacs v. Hobb Tie & Timber Co. (1931) 282 U.S. 734, 739).
- [Cancellation of Instruments](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/cancellation-instruments-california-253): An “instrument” is “a written paper signed by a person or persons transferring the title to, or giving a lien on real property, or giving a right to a debt or duty.” ( Gov. Code, § 27279 .)
- [Chapter 7 Bankruptcy – Discharge of Debtor](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/chapter-7-bankruptcy-discharge-debtor-california-375): A Chapter 7 discharge relieves an individual debtor from personal liability for all debts that arose before the date of the order for relief under Chapter 7, except for non-dischargeable debts.
- [Fair Debt Buying Practices Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fair-debt-buying-practices-act-california-235): The Fair Debt Buying Practices act “only applies to consumer debts sold on or after January 1, 2014.” (Cavalry SPV I, LLC v. Watkins (2019) 36 Cal. App. 5th 1070, 1079 n. 3.)
- [Fair Debt Collection Practices Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/fair-debt-collection-practices-act-california-236): Legal Issue: Fair Debt Collection Practices Act for California.
- [Joint Debtor Summons Procedure](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/joint-debtor-summons-procedure-california-379): The procedure is set forth in Code of Civil Procedure §§ 989 to 994. . (Id.) “The Supreme Court has held: ‘The entire method of procedure, including the ‘written allegations,’ which shall constitute the pleadings, the defenses permitted, the issues to be tried, and the nature of the judgment to be entered, is clearly pointed out and prescribed.’” (Id.).
- [Open Book Account](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/open-book-account-california-6): A book account is a detailed statement constituting the principal record of transactions between a debtor and creditor arising out of a contractual relationship between the two. ( Code Civ. Procedure, § 337a .)
- [Order to Appear for Examination of Judgment Debtor (ORAP)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/order-to-appear-for-examination-judgment-debtor-orap-california-300): Code of Civil Procedure § 708.110(d) states in pertinent part:.
- [Prejudgment Claim of Right to Possession](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/prejudgment-claim-right-to-possession-california-376): California Code of Civil Procedure § 415.46 provides that an owner of property may serve a prejudgment claim of right to possession form on a tenant as part of an unlawful detainer action.
- [Receivership](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/receivership-california-378): California Code of Civil Procedure §§ 564-570 governs Receivership and provides in relevant part:.
- [Uniform Voidable Transactions Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/uniform-voidable-transactions-act-california-442): The Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (previously known as the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act) essentially provides for a mechanism to void transfers made with the actual intent to “hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor.” (Code of Civ. Proc., 3439.04(a)(1).)
- [Wage Garnishment Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wage-garnishment-laws-california-350): The Wage Garnishment Law applies to "earnings," meaning compensation payable by an employer to an employee for personal services, whether denominated as wages, salary, commission, or otherwise; an "employer" is a person for whom the employee performs services and includes individuals, corporations, partnerships, and a public entity. ( Code of Civil Procedure § 706.011(a), (c), (d), (g) .)

## Disability Legal Issues

- [Disability Discrimination](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disability-discrimination-california-110): The Unruh Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in the operation of private businesses.

## Education Legal Issues

- [Duty to Supervise Conduct of Pupils](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/duty-to-supervise-conduct-pupils-california-447): Government Code § 815.6 provides that “Where a public entity is under a mandatory duty imposed by an enactment that is designed to protect against the risk of a particular kind of injury, the public entity is liable for an injury of that kind proximately caused by its failure to discharge the duty unless the public entity establishes that it exercised reasonable diligence to discharge the duty.”
- [Student Discrimination and Harassment (General)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/student-discrimination-harassment-general-california-450): Education Code section 201 states in pertinent part:.
- [Student Discrimination and Harassment Constituting a Hate Crime](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/student-discrimination-harassment-constituting-a-hate-crime-california-449): Education Code section 220 provides that “\[n\]o person shall be subjected to discrimination on the basis of disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, nationality, race or ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or any other characteristic that is contained in the definition of hate crime set forth in Section 422.55 of the Penal Code, including immigration status, in any program or activity conducted by an educational institution that receives, or benefits from, state financial assistance, or enrolls pupils who receive state student financial aid.”

## Election Law Legal Issues

- [Awarding Costs and Fees](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/awarding-costs-fees-california-478): Legal Issue: Awarding Costs and Fees for California.
- [Ballot Initiatives](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/ballot-initiatives-california-468): California Elections Code Sec. 9033(b) states in relevant part:.
- [Community Association Governance](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/community-association-governance-california-467): Ct. of Santa Clara Cnty. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1172, 1183-84 citing Lamden v. La Jolla Shores Clubdominium Homeowners Assn. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 249, 253, fn. 1.)
- [Election Laws – Annulment / Contest / Recount](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/election-laws-annulment-contest-recount-california-459): The court, in Bradley v. Perrodin (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1153 held: “When an otherwise successful candidate... is subsequently found to have committed an offense or offenses against the elective franchise, her election may be annulled even if the number of unqualified voters she fraudulently registered or the number of votes she unlawfully solicited were too few to have changed the outcome of the election.” (McKinney v. Super.
- [Recall Elections](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/recall-elections-california-471): Article II, Secs. 13-19 of the California Constitution provides the legal basis for citizen's rights concerning recall elections.
- [Right of Referendum](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/right-referendum-california-460): Ct. (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 966, 974.)

## Energy, Oil, and Gas Law Legal Issues

- [Clean Energy](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/clean-energy-california-306): California has a policy to promote the growth of clean energy and to that end they have enacted California Civil Code § 714 .

## Entertainment & Sports Law Legal Issues

- [Labor Code Regulations for Minors in the Entertainment Industry](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/labor-code-regulations-for-minors-in-entertainment-industry-california-209): California State labor laws governing the employment of minors in the entertainment industry apply to California minors taken out of state for their employment, including ratios of minors to studio teachers. (California Code of Regulations §11756).

## Environment Legal Issues

- [California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-356): The California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) is set forth in Public Resources Code § 21000 et seq. and is intended to implement a statewide policy of environmental protection. (California Oak Foundation v. City of Santa Clarita (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1219, 1225 discussing how the legislature intended CEQA to be interpreted to afford the fullest possible protection to the environment within the reasonable scope of the statutory language.)

## Estate Planning Legal Issues

- [Breach of Fiduciary Duty by a Trustee](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-fiduciary-duty-by-a-trustee-california-125): Legal Issue: Breach of Fiduciary Duty by a Trustee for California.
- [Conservatorship or Guardian Removal Petition](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/conservatorship-removal-petition-california-156): Probate Code § 2650 , governs the removal of a Guardian or of a Conservator.
- [Constructive Trusts](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/constructive-trust-california-239): A constructive trust is an equitable remedy in California, aimed at preventing unjust enrichment and enforcing restitution.
- [Disclaimer](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disclaimer-california-351): The effect of a disclaimer is to pass the disclaimed interest as if the disclaimant had predeceased the decedent/trustor(s).
- [Equitable Reformation of Trust](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/equitable-reformation-trust-california-439): The purpose of reformation is to correct a written instrument to effectuate a common intention of the parties which was incorrectly reduced to writing. (Getty v. Getty (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1159, 1178.)
- [LPS Mental Health Conservatorship](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/lps-mental-health-conservatorship-california-140): The Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (“LPS Act”) permits the appointment of a conservator for up to a period of one year for a person determined to be gravely disabled within the meaning of the Act. (Welf. & Inst.
- [Petition for Approval of Settlement Trust](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/petition-for-approval-settlement-trust-california-123): Some Probate related issues may rely on the Code of Civil Procedure for a vehicle to bring a matter before the court.
- [Petition for Special Needs Trust](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/petition-for-special-needs-trust-california-124): Herting v. State Dept. of Health Care Services (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 607, 610.
- [Trustee Removal Petition for Revocable Living Trusts](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/trustee-removal-petition-for-revocable-living-trusts-california-135): To preserve the trust and to respond to perceived breaches of trust, the probate court has wide, express powers to "make any orders and take any other action necessary or proper to dispose of the matters presented" by the § 17200 petition.

## Family Law & Divorce Legal Issues

- [Adoption Assistance Program (AAP)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/adoption-assistance-program-aap-california-482): California's Adoption Assistance Program (AAP) provides financial assistance for the adoption of hard-to-place children. (Cal. Welf & Inst.
- [Appointment of Guardian Ad Litem](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/appointment-guardian-ad-litem-california-301): Ct. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 36 at 46.)
- [Domestic Partnerships](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/domestic-partnerships-california-158): Domestic Partnership law evolved in California as a means of providing same-sex couples access to the benefits and protections of the law afforded to married couples.
- [Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act (EADACPA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/elder-abuse-dependent-adult-civil-protection-act-eadacpa-california-184): The Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act (EADACPA), Welf. & Inst.
- [Financial Elder Abuse](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/financial-elder-abuse-california-240): Civil Protection Act (“EADACPA”) protects elders from financial abuse and abuse, abandonment, and neglect. ( Welf. & Inst.
- [Guardianship Petitions](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/guardianship-petition-california-183): Family Code § 3040(a)(1) gives statutory custody preference to the child's parents or parent.
- [Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/indian-child-welfare-act-icwa-california-473): Congress found that the most vital resource to the continued existence and integrity of the tribes was their children, and that the United States has a direct interest in protecting Indian children. (25 U.S.C. § 1901(3).)
- [Loss of Consortium](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/loss-consortium-california-241): Legal Issue: Loss of Consortium for California.
- [Modification of Child Support](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/modification-child-support-california-116): Legal Issue: Modification of Child Support for California.
- [Modification of Custody Order](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/modification-custody-order-california-117): Family Code § 3022 : order determining custody of the minor child may be modified at any time court deems it necessary and proper.
- [Modification of Spousal Support](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/modification-spousal-support-california-111): A spousal support order may be modified or terminated at any time as the Court determines to be necessary.
- [Same-Sex Marriage Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/same-sex-marriage-laws-california-159): Marriage between spouses of the same sex is legal and authorized in California, based on U.S. Constitutional law, California Constitutional law, and applicable case law.
- [Termination of Parental Rights](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/termination-parental-rights-california-177): Legal Issue: Termination of Parental Rights for California.

## Food & Agriculture Legal Issues

- [Citrus Pest Control Law](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/citrus-pest-control-law-california-325): Code § 8402 .)
- [Food and Agriculture Code](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/food-agriculture-code-california-335): Legal Issue: Food and Agriculture Code for California.
- [Use of Pesticides](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/use-pesticides-california-336): Legal Issue: Use of Pesticides for California.

## Fraud Legal Issues

- [Conversion](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/conversion-california-238): Legal Issue: Conversion for California.

## Government Legal Issues

- [California False Claims Act (CFCA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-false-claims-act-cfca-266): The California False Claims Act ("FCA" or "the Act"), set forth in Government Code sections 12650 through 12655 , is intended to "'supplement governmental efforts to identify and prosecute fraudulent claims made against state and local governmental entities.'" (American Contract Services v. Allied Mold & Die, Inc. (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 854, 858; see Rothschild v. Tyco Int'l (US), Inc. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 488, 494.)
- [Exhausting Administrative Remedies](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/exhausting-administrative-remedies-california-286): Legal Issue: Exhausting Administrative Remedies for California.
- [Government Claims Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/government-claims-act-california-267): Under the Government Claims Act, the general rule is that any party with a claim for money or damages against a public entity must first file claim directly with that entity; only if that claim is denied or rejected may the claimant file a lawsuit. (City of Ontario v. Superior Court (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 894 citing Gov. Code Secs. 905 , 945.4 ; Gov’t Code Sec. 911.2 ; Shirk v. Vista Unified School Dist. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 201, 208.)
- [Government Influence (Political Reform Act)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/government-influence-political-reform-act-california-337): The Political Reform Act of 1974 (Act) was an initiative measure intended to correct election abuses in California. (Calif.
- [Government Officials – Conflicts and Self-Dealing](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/government-officials-conflicts-self-dealing-california-269): Government Code § 1090 prohibits public officials from having a financial interest in any contract made in their official capacity.
- [Government or Public Pensions](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/government-pensions-california-270): The California Constitution proclaims “\[T\]he retirement board of a public pension or retirement system shall have plenary authority and fiduciary responsibility for investment of moneys and administration of the system.” (Cal. Const, Art. XVI § 17.)
- [Joint Exercise of Powers Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/joint-exercise-powers-act-california-283): The Joint Exercise of Powers Act allows two or more public agencies to agree to jointly exercise any power they hold in common, or to create a separate entity to do so. (Gov. Code, § 6502; Zack v. Marin Emergency Radio Authority (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 617, 628.)
- [Ordinance Violations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/ordinance-violations-california-461): Local governments are authorized to enact an administrative process to enforce violations of any local ordinance through the imposition and collection of administrative fines or penalties. (Gov. Code, § 53069.4(a)(1).)
- [Personal Taxes](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/personal-tax-law-california-289): Proposition 218, known as the “Right to Vote on Taxes Act,” in 1996. (Jacks v. City of Santa Barbara (2017) 3 Cal.5th 248, 259.)
- [Public Employee Immunity](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/public-employee-immunity-california-272): Government Code § 820.2 provides:.
- [Right to Participate (Brown Act)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/right-to-participate-brown-act-california-273): The Brown Act is codified at Government Code § 54950 et seq. The purpose of the Brown Act is to ensure the public's right to attend public meetings, facilitate public participation in all phases of local government decision making, and curb misuse of the democratic process by secret legislation of public bodies. (Chaffee v. San Francisco Library Commission, (2004) 115 Ca1.App.4th 461.)
- [School District Immunity and Duty of Care](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/school-district-immunity-standard-care-california-288): Dist., supra, 83 Cal.App.3d at 498; see Hoff v. Vacaville Unified School Dist. (1998) 19 Cal.4th 925, 932-933 \[duty to supervise students\].)
- [Writ of Mandate / Mandamus](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/writ-mandate-mandamus-california-380): Statutes provide for two types of review by mandate: ordinary mandate and administrative mandate. (See Code of Civ. Proc. §§ 1085 & 1094.5; Bunnett v. Regents of University of California (1995) 35 Cal. App. 4th 843, 848.)

## Health Law Legal Issues

- [Case Management Statement in Healthcare Context](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/case-management-statement-in-healthcare-context-california-490): California Health & Safety Code, section 1428(b) states:.

## Immigration Legal Issues

- [Immigration Consultant Act (ICA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/immigration-consultant-act-ica-california-136): § 22440 et seq. of California Business and Professions Code governs nonlawyers who offer non-legal assistance in immigration matters in California.

## Insurance Legal Issues

- [Insurance Information and Privacy Protection Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/insurance-information-privacy-protection-act-california-479): Legal Issue: Insurance Information and Privacy Protection Act for California.
- [Leave to Intervene on Behalf of Insured](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/leave-to-intervene-california-474): Under California law, an insurance carrier who is not a party to an action can intervene on behalf of its insured when the insurance carrier could be subject to a subsequent action under Insurance Code § 11580. (See Reliance Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 383, 386 \[“An insurer’s right to intervene in an action against the insured, for personal injury or property damages, arises as a result of Ins. Code section 11580.”\].)
- [Unfair Insurance Practices Act (UIPA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unfair-insurance-practices-act-uipa-california-137): There is an Unfair Insurance Practices Act (UIPA) ( Ins. Code § 790 , et seq.).

## Intellectual Property Legal Issues

- [Intellectual Property Rights](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/intellectual-property-rights-california-243): Legal Issue: Intellectual Property Rights for California.

## Internet Law Legal Issues

- [Cyber Exploitation – Distribution of Private Sexually Explicit Materials](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/cyber-exploitation-distribution-private-sexually-explicit-materials-california-147): Legal Issue: Cyber Exploitation – Distribution of Private Sexually Explicit Materials for California.
- [Online Impersonation Law](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/online-impersonation-law-california-419): Senate Bill 1411 Impersonation: Internet was approved by in 2010, and states in relevant part:.

## Labor & Employment Legal Issues

- [Aiding and Abetting Discrimination and Harassment (FEHA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/aiding-abetting-discrimination-harassment-feha-california-13): Aiding and abetting is a form of derivative liability.
- [California Family Rights Act (CFRA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-family-rights-act-cfra-7): The California Family Rights Act (CFRA) is contained within the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) ( Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.), and is intended to give employees an opportunity to leave work for certain medical reasons without jeopardizing job security.
- [Covenants Not to Compete](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/covenants-not-to-compete-california-246): California courts have held that they cannot. (See, e.g., id.).
- [Disability Discrimination in Violation of FEHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disability-discrimination-in-violation-feha-california-10): FEHA, § 12940(a) , prohibits discrimination based on an employee's physical disability.
- [Disability Discrimination – Failure to Engage Interactive Process](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disability-discrimination-failure-to-engage-interactive-process-california-263): Legal Issue: Disability Discrimination – Failure to Engage Interactive Process for California.
- [Disability Discrimination – Failure to Provide Reasonable Accommodations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disability-discrimination-failure-to-provide-reasonable-accommodations-california-229): FEHA further provides that it is an unlawful employment practice for an employer “to fail to make reasonable accommodation for the known physical or mental disability of an... employee” unless the accommodation would cause “undue hardship” to the employer. ( Gov. Code, § 12940(m) ; Sargent v. Litton Systems, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 1994) 841 F.Supp. 956, 960.)
- [Discrimination – Unruh Civil Rights Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/discrimination-unruh-civil-rights-act-california-66): The Unruh Civil Rights Act prohibits businesses from denying any person access to public accommodations based on specified classifications. (Hessians Motorcycle Club v. J.C. Flanagans (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 833 citing Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV (1991) 52 Cal. 3d 1142, 1148.)
- [Employee Health Insurance and ERISA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/employee-health-insurance-erisa-california-160): Legal Issue: Employee Health Insurance and ERISA for California.
- [Equal Pay (FEHA, EPA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/equal-pay-feha-epa-california-161): The California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) makes it “an unlawful employment practice” for an employer to terminate an employee or otherwise discriminate against the employee “in compensation or in terms, conditions, or privileges of employment” based on that employee's gender (among other characteristics). ( Gov. Code § 12940(a) .)
- [Failure to Prevent Disability Discrimination](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/failure-to-prevent-disability-discrimination-california-237): FEHA makes it an unlawful employment practice to discriminate against any person because of a physical or mental disability.
- [Failure to Prevent Discrimination and Harassment in Violation of FEHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/failure-to-prevent-discrimination-harassment-in-violation-feha-california-15): Failure to take all reasonable steps necessary to prevent discrimination and harassment is a “separate actionable tort enforceable upon the establishment of the usual tort elements of duty of care, breach of duty (a negligent act or omission), causation, and damages.”
- [Marijuana in the Workplace](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/marijuana-in-workplace-california-154): In 2016 California voters approved adult recreational use of marijuana.
- [Negligent Hiring – Employees and Agents](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligent-hiring-employees-agents-california-245): To establish a cause of action for negligent hiring, retention, or supervision, a plaintiff must show that the employer knew or should have known that hiring the employee created a particular risk or hazard and that particular harm occurs. (See Z.V. v. County of Riverside (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 889, 902; Doe, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at 1054.)
- [Overtime Exemptions](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/overtime-exemption-california-244): Exempt Status: An employee is considered administratively exempt from overtime wages under California Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 1-2001 if he:.
- [Paid Leave and Parental Leave](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/paid-leave-parental-leave-california-155): Under SB 83, wage replacement benefits under the California Paid Family Leave (PFL) increases from 6 weeks to 8 weeks beginning July 1, 2020.
- [Pregnancy Discrimination in Violation of FEHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/pregnancy-discrimination-in-violation-feha-california-8): There are several ways to deal with pregnancy disability.
- [Retaliation in Violation of FEHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/retaliation-in-violation-feha-california-14): The California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) makes it an unlawful employment practice to terminate or otherwise discriminate against an employee because of the race, religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, mental disability, medical condition, genetic information marital status, sex, gender, gender identity, gender expression, age, sexual orientation, or military and veteran status of any person.
- [Sex/Gender Discrimination in Violation of FEHA](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/sex-gender-discrimination-in-violation-feha-california-9): The California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) makes it unlawful for an employer to harass an employee based on sex or gender.
- [Sexual Harassment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/sexual-harassment-in-violation-feha-california-18): Sexual harassment, under both California's Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) and federal Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, constitutes unlawful discrimination based on sex.
- [Unemployment Insurance Board Appeals](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unemployment-insurance-board-appeals-california-290): California Unemployment Insurance Code § 1253(c) provides that an unemployed individual is eligible to receive unemployment compensation benefits if “\[h\]e or she was able to work and available for work for that week.”
- [Wage and Hour Violations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wage-hour-violations-california-153): Labor Code § 226 requires an employer, semimonthly or at the time of each payment of wages, to furnish to his or her employee an accurate itemized wage statement.
- [Whistleblower and Non-Retaliation Protections](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/whistleblower-non-retaliation-protection-california-162): Fundamental public policy prohibits the retaliatory discharge of employees for whistleblowing in the public interest. (Foley v. Interactive Data Corp. (1988) 47 Cal.3d 654, 670-671, 254 Cal.Rptr. 211, 765 P.2d 373.)
- [Workers and Independent Contractors – Assembly Bill 5 (“AB 5”)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/workers-independent-contractors-assembly-bill-5-ab-5-california-171): Effective January 1, 2020, California Assembly Bill 5 (“AB 5”) modifies the state’s various Labor laws to establish new standards for determining whether a worker is properly classified as an “employee” under California law or as an independent contractor .
- [Workers’ Compensation Act (WCA)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/workers-compensation-act-wca-california-277): California's Worker's Compensation Act (WCA) provides an employee's exclusive remedy against his or her employer for injuries arising out of and in the course of employment. ( Lab. Code, § 3600 et seq.; Wright v. State of California (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1229; Palestini v. General Dynamics Corp. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 80, 86.)
- [Wrongful Termination – Employment Contract](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wrongful-termination-employment-contract-california-16): Wrongful termination “is a common law tort action.”
- [Wrongful Termination – Violation of Public Policy](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wrongful-termination-violation-public-policy-california-17): This is the most often filed type of wrongful termination claim, and there are various versions.

## Land Use & Zoning Legal Issues

- ["No Net Loss Law"](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/no-net-loss-law-california-276): As part of a “housing package” intended to address the state’s housing shortage and high housing costs, Senate Bill No. 166 amended Government Code § 65863 regarding “No Net Loss” local zoning and land use. ( Govt.
- [Affordable Housing Construction (Senate Bill 35)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/housing-construction-sb-35-california-340): Senate Bill 35 (“SB 35”) went into effect January 1, 2018, and amends California Government Code sections 65400 , 65582.1 , and 65913.4 .
- [Community Redevelopment Law](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/community-redevelopment-law-california-291): Code § 33000 et seq.; see also California Redevelopment Association v. Matosantos (2011) 53 Cal.4th 231, 245-46.)
- [Confidential CASp Report](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/confidential-casp-report-california-430): A Confidential CASp (Certified Access Specialist) Report in California refers to an inspection report by a certified access specialist on a commercial property's compliance with construction-related accessibility standards.
- [Easements](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/easements-california-292): As such, an easement cannot be an estate in real property.
- [Eminent Domain](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/eminent-domain-california-352): In California, a public entity can claim eminent domain through a process known as 'quick take' or by requesting an Order for Immediate Possession (OIP), authorized by Code of Civil Procedure § 1255.410.
- [Marijuana – Dispensary Regulations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/marijuana-dispensary-regulations-california-175): Legal Issue: Marijuana – Dispensary Regulations for California.
- [Trail Immunity](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/trail-immunity-california-293): Govt.
- [Zoning Violations and Permissive Zoning](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/zoning-violations-permissive-zoning-california-274): The right of the City to control the use of land within its jurisdiction has been consistently recognized by the California Supreme Court as a right that is a municipal affair. (Ceeed v. California Coastal Zone Conservation Com (1974) 43 Cal.App.3d 306, 323, stating “\[a\]lthough planning and zoning in the conventional sense have traditionally been deemed municipal affairs, where the ecological and environmental impact of land use affect the people of the entire state, they can no longer remain matters of purely local concern.”.)

## Landlord – Tenant Legal Issues

- [Breach of Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-covenant-quiet-enjoyment-california-443): In the absence of language to the contrary, every lease contains an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment, whereby the landlord impliedly covenants that the tenant shall have quiet enjoyment and possession of the premises.
- [Breach of Warranty of Habitability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-warranty-habitability-california-444): A warranty of habitability is implied in all residential leases. (Green v. Superior Court (1974) 10 Cal.3d 616, 619.)
- [Constructive Eviction](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/constructive-eviction-california-445): Cal. Civ. Code Secs. 789.3 concerns Acts by landlord with intent to terminate occupancy and relates only to residential leases.
- [Unlawful Acts of Landlords](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unlawful-acts-landlords-california-446): Legal Issue: Unlawful Acts of Landlords for California.

## Legal Ethics Legal Issues

- [Attorney Duties Regarding Witness Perjury](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/attorney-duties-regarding-witness-perjury-california-488): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2019-200.)
- [Attorney Duties When Dissolving Firm or Moving to New Firm](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/attorney-duties-when-dissolving-firm-moving-to-new-firm-california-480): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2014-190.)
- [Attorney Duty of Dismissal or Withdrawal](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/duty-dismissal-withdrawal-meritless-case-california-477): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2019-198.)
- [Attorney's Duty to Preserve Confidential Information](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/attorney-s-duty-to-preserve-confidential-information-california-469): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2016-195.)
- [Disclosure of Confidences in Motions for Withdrawal](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/disclosure-confidences-in-motions-for-withdrawal-california-454): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2015-192.)
- [Disqualification of Attorney / Counsel](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/lawyer-s-disqualification-california-457): In general, there are two types of situations in which conflicts requiring the disqualification of counsel may arise: successive representation and concurrent representation. (Cal West Nurseries, Inc. v. Superior Court (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1170, 1174.)
- [Electronic Discovery Requests](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/electronic-discovery-requests-california-476): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2015-193.)
- [Ethical Duties for Attorneys](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/ethical-duties-for-attorneys-california-475): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2013-189.)
- [Judicial Disclosure Regarding Disqualification](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/judicial-disclosure-re-disqualification-california-464): Central to impartial decision-making by arbitrators and judges alike is the need for them to make disclosures that may give rise to a challenge to the judge's impartiality by one of the parties, even if the judge or arbitrator concludes that he or she is not disqualified.
- [Judicial Duty of Corrective Action Regarding Attorney Misconduct](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/duty-corrective-action-california-463): Legal Issue: Judicial Duty of Corrective Action Regarding Attorney Misconduct for California.
- [Judicial Misconduct](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/judicial-misconduct-california-462): Canon 1 of the Code of Judicial Ethics provides:.
- [Misappropriation of a Client's Settlement Proceeds](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/misappropriation-a-client-s-settlement-proceeds-california-466): Legal Issue: Misappropriation of a Client's Settlement Proceeds for California.
- [Prohibition on Agreements Regarding State Bar Complaints](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/prohibition-on-agreements-regarding-state-bar-complaints-california-484): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2012-185.)
- [Puffery in Negotiations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/puffery-in-negotiations-california-465): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2015-194.)
- [Rules on Attorneys Seeking Advice About Current Clients](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/rules-on-attorneys-seeking-advice-about-current-clients-california-472): (Based on The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct Formal Opinion No. 2019-197.)

## Maritime Legal Issues

- [Admiralty Laws' Effect on State Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/admiralty-laws-effect-on-state-law-california-353): Over the years, the United States Supreme Court has developed two tests to determine whether a particular action is governed by admiralty law.
- [California Coastal Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-coastal-act-294): The Coastal Act of 1976 ( Public Resources Code §30000 et seq.,) (“Coastal Act”) is the legislative continuation of the coastal protection efforts commenced when the People passed Proposition 20, the 1972 initiative that created the Coastal Commission. (See Ibarra v. California Coastal Comm., (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 687, 693.)
- [Jones Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/jones-act-california-481): The Jones Act provides sea-based employees with the right to sue their employers for injuries/illnesses arising out of their maritime employment. (Chandris v. Latsis, (1995) 515 U.S. 347, 354.)
- [Public/Private Beach Access](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/public-private-beach-access-california-295): Coastal Act, Public Resources Code § 30210 , states in relevant part:.

## Negligence Legal Issues

- [Negligent Supervision](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/negligent-supervision-california-242): Under California tort law, parents have a duty to supervise and control their children. (Williams v. Garcetti (1993) 5 Cal.4th 561, 571-572, fn.7; see also Costello v. Hart (1972) 23 Cal.App.3d 898, 899-901, finding duty and reversing nonsuit in favor of defendant grandmother where her four year old grandson ran out from underneath a clothes rack in a store and tripped plaintiff; Ellis v. D'Angelo (1953) 116 Cal. App. 2d 310, 312, 317, 320, finding complaint stated cause of action for negligence where it was alleged that: (1) that four-year-old child shoved and pushed the plaintiff "violently to the floor" and (2) defendant parents knew that child habitually engaged in violent conduct and failed to warn plaintiff, who had been hired to act as a babysitter).

## Other Issues Legal Issues

- [Abuse of Process](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/abuse-process-california-280): The purpose of the tort is “to preserve the integrity of the court.” (ComputerXpress, Inc. v. Jackson (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 993, 1014.)
- [California Public Records Act](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/california-public-records-act-258): The Public Records Act provides for the inspection of public records maintained by state and local agencies. (See Gov. Code § 6250 et seq.) The purpose of the Public Records Act is to fulfill the "fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state" to have access to information concerning the conduct of the people's business. (See Gov. Code § 6250 ; Register Div. of Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. County of Orange (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 893, 901.)
- [Expedited Petition](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/expedited-petition-california-354): A petition for court approval of such a compromise under this section must comply with California Rules of Court, Rules 7.950 , 7.951 , and 7.952 . ( CRC Rule 3.1384 .)

## Procedural Legal Issues

- [Statute of Limitations](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/civil-statute-limitations-laws-california-248): California has a four year statute of limitations for written contracts. ( Code Civil Procedure § 337 .)

## Products Liability Legal Issues

- [Products Liability - Failure to Warn](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/products-liability-failure-to-warn-california-220): Required elements for strict liability based on failure to warn:.
- [Strict Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/strict-liability-california-234): A person is strictly liable for harm that results from abnormally dangerous activities. (Goodwin v. Reilley (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 86, 90.)
- [Strict Products Liability](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/strict-products-liability-california-223): Legal Issue: Strict Products Liability for California.

## Property & Real Estate Legal Issues

- [Adverse Possession Claims](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/adverse-possession-claims-california-131): Legal Issue: Adverse Possession Claims for California.
- [Application for Order of Sale of Dwelling](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/application-for-order-sale-dwelling-california-302): Legal Issue: Application for Order of Sale of Dwelling for California.
- [Application to Set Aside Writ of Attachment Order](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/setting-aside-writ-attachment-california-303): Any time after a defendant's property is attached under writ of attachment, defendant may bring a motion to set aside the right to attach order, quash the writ of attachment and have the attached property released from levy. ( Code of Civil Procedure § 485.240(a) .)
- [Breach of Bailment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/breach-bailment-california-257): A bailment is called a deposit within the Civil Code.
- [Claim and Delivery (Remedy)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/claim-delivery-remedy-california-402): Corp. v. Khorsandi (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1261, 1271.)
- [Construction Defect Liability (Right to Repair Act)](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/construction-defect-liability-right-to-repair-act-california-264): McMillin Albany LLC v. Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 241, 247.
- [Foreclosure Sale](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/foreclosure-sale-california-249): Legal Issue: Foreclosure Sale for California.
- [Homestead Laws](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/homestead-laws-california-132): Id. citing Code Civ. Proc., § 680.010 et seq. 3. “ § 704.740(a) provides in relevant part that ‘the interest of a natural person in a dwelling may not be sold . . . to enforce a money judgment except pursuant to a court order for sale obtained under this article (Homestead Exemption) and the dwelling exemption shall be determined under this article.’ ” (Id. at 935-36.)
- [Judgment Lien](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/judgment-lien-california-414): Legal Issue: Judgment Lien for California.
- [Judicial and Non-Judicial Forfeiture](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/judicial-non-judicial-forfeiture-california-387): The statutory procedures for forfeiture are set forth in Health and Safety Code §§ 11488.4 and 11488.5 , which contemplate both judicial and nonjudicial forfeiture. (Ramirez v. Tulare Cnty.
- [Leases and Rental Agreements](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/leases-rental-agreements-california-133): The elements for a breach of contract cause of action are:.
- [Mechanic’s Lien](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/mechanic-s-lien-california-211): Legal Issue: Mechanic’s Lien for California.
- [Opposing Forfeiture Due to Drug Activity](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/claim-opposing-forfeiture-in-drug-activity-california-363): Under California law, property connected with certain unlawful drug activity may be subject to forfeiture to the state or local government. (Ramirez v. Tulare Cnty.
- [Opposing Forfeiture of a Lease or Rental Agreement](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/opposing-forfeiture-a-lease-rental-agreement-california-392): The court has the discretion to relieve any person against forfeiture on its own motion. (Id.).
- [Opposing Forfeiture of Bail Bonds](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/opposing-forfeiture-bail-bonds-california-386): Legal Issue: Opposing Forfeiture of Bail Bonds for California.
- [Opposing Forfeiture of Motor Vehicles](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/claim-opposing-forfeiture-motor-vehicles-california-366): Code, § 14602(a) .)
- [Quiet Title](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/quiet-title-california-255): Legal Issue: Quiet Title for California.
- [Recording a Default or Foreclosure](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/recording-a-default-foreclosure-california-254): §2924(a)(6) of the Civil Code limits who may record a notice of default or initiate foreclosure proceedings. ( Civil Code § 2924(a)(6) .)
- [Reformation](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/reformation-california-250): Reformation, an equitable remedy that permits a court to reform a contract or deed, is governed by Cal. Civil Code § 3399, which states: “\[w\]hen, through fraud or mutual mistake of the parties, or a mistake of one party, which the other at the time knew or suspected, a written contract does not truly express the intention of the parties, it may be revised on the application of a party aggrieved, so as to express that intention, so far as it can be done without prejudice to rights acquired by third persons, in good faith and for value.”
- [Setting Aside a Foreclosure Sale](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/set-aside-a-foreclosure-sale-california-251): In order to set aside a foreclosure sale, the trustor under a deed of trust must “give proof before the sale is set aside that he now can redeem the property.” (United States Cold Storage v. Great W. Sav. & Loan Ass'n (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 1214, 1225.)
- [Setting Aside a Trustee Sale](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/setting-aside-a-trustee-sale-california-252): Legal Issue: Setting Aside a Trustee Sale for California.
- [Taxable Possessory Interests](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/taxable-possessory-interests-california-420): Under Cal. Code Regs. tit. 18 Sec. 20(b) "Taxable possessory interests" are possessory interests in publicly-owned real property.
- [Unlawful Detainer Action](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/unlawful-detainer-action-california-355): The remedy of unlawful detainer is a summary proceeding to determine the right to possession of real property.
- [Wrongful Foreclosure](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/wrongful-foreclosure-california-228): Legal Issue: Wrongful Foreclosure for California.

## Torts Legal Issues

- [False Imprisonment](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/false-imprisonment-california-3259): Legal Issue: False Imprisonment for California.

## Utilities Legal Issues

- [Utility Billing](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/utility-billing-california-456): Legal Issue: Utility Billing for California.

## Zoning Legal Issues

- [Zoning and Ordinance Restrictions on Short Term Rentals](https://trellis.law/ca/issue-type/restrictions-on-short-term-rentals-california-284): The State Housing Act (“SHA”) defines “apartment house” as “any building, or portion thereof. . . which is designed, built, rented, leased, let or hired out to be occupied, or which is occupied as the home or residence of three or more families living independently of each other and doing their cooking in said building.” (Stats. 1923, ch. 386, § 10, at 788).