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JEFFERY J. FADEFF, ESQ. (SBN 111497)
RESHMA A. BAJAJ, ESQ. (SBN 227106)
BASSI, EDLIN, HUIE & BLUM LLP ELECTRONICALLY
351 California Street, Suite 200
San Francisco, CA 94104 sopehr IL ED |
pelephone: (ty) es County of San Francisco ‘
‘acsimile: (415) ~ MAR 04 2010
Attorneys for Defendant Clerk of the Court
J.T. THORPE & SON, INC. BY: CHRISTLE ARRIQLA
. Deputy Clerk
SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO
Case No, CGC-07-274314
DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON,
INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO
PROHIBIT EVIDENCE THAT J.T.
THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT
PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANT
CECILIA FRANKLIN, as Wrongful Death
Heir, and as Successor-in-Interest to JESSE
FRANKLIN, Deceased; and TOYIA
FRANKLIN, TAURIUS FRANKLIN;
ARAYIA FRANKLIN (a minor), WESLEY
FRANKLIN (a minor), MELVINA
FRANKLIN (a minor), by and Thru Their
Guardian Ad Litem, CECELIA FRANKLIN,
as Legal Heirs of JESSE FRANKLIN,
Deceased, Motion in Limine No, 8
Plaintiffs, Trial Date: — January 25, 2010
Time: 11:15 a.m.
vs. Dept.: 206
Judge: Honorable James J. McBride
ASBESTOS DEFENDANTS (B*P)
As Reflected on Exhibits B, B-1, C, H, I;
and DOES 1-8500,
Defendants.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs intend to introduce evidence on, and allege a strict products liability claim
against, J. T. THORPE & SON, INC. (hereafter “JTTS”), which hereby moves this court for an
order precluding the application of strict products liability to this defendant. JTTS is nota
manufacturer, seller or distributor of asbestos-containing products, as construed by Torts
Restatement (Second) Section 402 A, the law of California and other jurisdictions. In Monte
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTVista Development Corp. v. Super, Ct. 226 Cal. App. 3d 1681, 1687 (1991), the court held that
strict products liability dees not apply to a subcontractor who is not a seller within the meaning
of the rule imposing strict products liability. Moreover, courts have declined to apply strict
liability where the transaction’s service aspect predominates and any product supplied is merely
incidental to a contract and the provision of the service. Services, even when provided
commercially, are not products. Based on the holding in Monte Vista, analogous California
jaw, case law in other jurisdictions and the decisions of several judges in the San Francisco
Superior Court, this court should grant this motion to preclude a claim for strict products
liability against JTTS.
Th. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff claims decedent Jessie Franklin was exposed to asbestos through his worked as a
pneumatic tool operator at shipyards and on board different ships (1961-1975); and as an
inspector at Mare Island Naval Shipyard and onboard various ships and submarines (1980-1985).
JTTS was incorporated in California in 1922 and since that time has specialized in the
installation and repair of refractory materials inside high temperature units such as furnaces and
boilers, primarily in Northern California. Any new installation or repair work performed by
ITTS was ultimately governed by the terms and conditions of new installation and/or
maintenance contracts that JTTS had with its customers.
The issue is whether JTTS is subject to strict products liability for their work as
refractory contractors.
Tit. LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. The Greenman Rule And Tort Restatement (Second) Section 402A Only
Apply To Manufacturers, Sellers, Retail Dealers Or Distributors Of
Defective Products.
The strict products liability doctrine was established in California through Greenman v.
Yuba Power Products, Inc., 59 Cal. 2d 57 (1963). There, the Supreme Court held that
“manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places on the market, knowing that it is
to be used without inspection for defects, proves to have a defect that causes injury to a human
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTbeing.” Jd. at p. 62. The strict liability theory was then embodied in the Restatement (Second) of
Torts, section 402A. 6 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law oo" ed. 1988) § 1243, p. 678. Section
402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides in pertinent part: “(1) One who sells any
product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer . . . is subject to
liability for physical harm thereby caused to the ultimate user or consumer . . . If (a) the seller is
engaged in the business of selling such a product, and (b) it is expected to and does reach the
user or consumer without substantial change in the condition in which it is sold. (2) The rule
stated in Subsection (1) applies although (a) the seller has exercised all possible care in the
preparation and sale of his product, and (b) the user or consumer has not bought the product from|
or entered into any contractual relation with the seller.” California has adopted the Restatement
(Second) of Torts section 402A. See, Barth v. B.F. Goodrich Tire Co., 265 Cal. App. 2d 228,
250 (1968); Jenkins v. T&N PLC, 45 Cal. App. 4th 1224, 1228 (1996).
The doctrine of strict products liability applies to all persons in the chain of distribution
of a defective product, including manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. Soule v. General
Motors Corp., 8 Cal. 4th 548, 560 (1994); Bay Summit Community Assn. v. Shell Oil Co.. 51
Cal. App. 4th 762, 773 (1996). Strict products liability is imposed on retailers because, “like
manufacturers, [they] are engaged in the business of distributing goods to the public. They are
an integral part of the overall producing and marketing enterprise that should bear the cost of
injuries resulting from defective products.” Arena v. QOwens-Corning, 63 Cal. App. 4th 1178,
1197 n. 12 (1998). “In some cases the retailer may be the only member of that enterprise
reasonably available to the injured plaintiff. In other cases the retailer himself may play a
substantial part in insuring that the product is safe or may be in a position to exert pressure on the|
manufacturer to that end; the retailer's strict liability thus serves as an added incentive to safety.”
Id., quoting, Vandermark vy. Ford Motor Co. 61 Cal. 2d 256, 262 (1964).
“Most significantly, courts have been mindful that the strict Hability doctrine derives
from judicially perceived public policy considerations and therefore should not be expanded
beyond the purview of these policies.” Bay Summit Community Association at 774. Labels
a3 ek
such as “wholesaler,” “retailer,” and “distributor” have an important and inescapable role in the
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTcase law relevant to the identification of culpable links in the product liability chain. The chain
analogy, however, is but a tool and the court must consider substance over form.
No matter what the label, it is the substance of the function not its designated label that
normally determines whether a defendant may be held strictly liable. “The courts have eschewed|
legal Jabels and have taken a very practical approach, focusing on the actual connection between
the defendants’ activities and the defective product .. . [and] the defendant’s legal status or
formal relationship with the manufacturer or the consumer is not dispositive.” Id. at 774.
The Restatement (Second) of Torts, section 19 provides: “(b) Services, even when
provided commercially, are not products.” California courts have not extended the scope of
strict liability to transactions whose primary objective are obtaining services and have declined
to apply strict liability where the transaction’s service aspect predominates and any product sale
is merely incidental to the provision of the service. Pierson v. Sharp Memorial Hospital, Inc.,
216 Cal. App. 3d 340, 344 (1989); Hyland Therapeutics y. Super. Ct, 175 Cal. App. 3d 509,
513 (1985); Endicott y. Nissan Motor Corp., 73 Cal. App. 3d 917, 930 (1977). “A service is no
more than direct human action or human performance ... . In light of the infinite subtle
nuances of human performance, the law reasonably imposes only a standard of negligence
rather than strict liability in the provision of human services.” Pierson at 345.
B. California And Other Jurisdictions Hold That Strict Products Liability Does
Not Apply To A Defendant Who Is Not A Seller Within The Meaning Of The
Rule Imposing Strict Liability.
To classify JTTS as a “seller” of a product would require this court to distort and
expand existing California precedent which holds that a contractor or sub-contractor is not a
“seller” within the scope of Section 402A, and is therefore not liable for any component part it
may supply in compliance with the performance of a job or service.
In Monte Vista, 226 Cal. App. 3d 1681 (1981), the court affirmed summary
adjudication, holding that a subcontractor who was in the business of installing commercial and
residential ceramic tile was not strictly liable for supplying a defective soap dish since it was not
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
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in the business of selling soap dishes. Pursuant to the terms of the accepted bid, defendant was
to install soap dishes and other tile fixtures it purchased from a third-party supply company. The
bid did not specify the type or brand of soap dish to be installed. The court also noted that the
defendant was not in the business of manufacturing soap dishes nor did it have any financial
interest in completion of the job, except for the monies due pursuant to the bid. Id, at 1684,
The focus of the court’s analysis was whether defendant came within. the chain of
commerce as a supplier of the soap dish to the extent that it became strictly liable for the
defective item. Id. at 1687. The court reasoned that since there was no evidence that defendant
was in the business of selling soap dishes or other fixtures, that it purchased all of its fixtures in
order to complete its subcontract with the developer, that it did not matter to defendant wha
supplied the fixtures, and that it was defendant's job simply to do the work, that defendant was
not subject to strict liability under the guidelines of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. fd.
In La Jolla Village Homeowner's Association, Inc. v. The Superior Court of San Diego County.
212 Cal. App. 3d 1131 (1989), the court affirmed the trial court’s ruling granting a judgment on
the pleadings without leave to amend and striking plaintiffs causes of action for strict liability
and nondisclosure as to all subcontractors. The court acknowledged that although strict liability
had been recently extended to developers of large property developments and tract homes, it
refused to extend the strict liability doctrine to a subcontractor hired by the developer to perform
a particular duty: “No reported California case has held that a subcontractor hired by a developer
can be held strictly liable for defects in a mass-produced housing project and we decline to do so
now.” Id. at 1144.
“In the typical general contractor/developer-subcontractor relationship, the
general is the principal in charge of the planning, designing, constructing,
supervising, inspecting and then selling of the residential units. The general hires
subcontractors to carry out the planning, designing, and constructing of the units.
Normally, numerous subcontractors will be retained by the general to assist on the
project before the residential units are finished products ready for mass
consumption. The subcontractors usually follow set plans and specifications
given to them by the general contractor to do a particular job or “component part”
in the “manufacturing of the product” and leave the project when that job is
completed and approved by the general. The subcontractor customarily performs
one task which is integrated into a whole. It does not control the trades which
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precede or follow it on the job. For example, the subcontractor who lays tile in an
entryway has no choice but to accept the cement slab or the wooden footing
which has previously been installed by other subcontractors, and it cannot control
the stucco applicator that comes on the project after it leaves the project.”
The court found persuasive the fact that subcontractors in a construction project have no
control over the whole “product” nor do they have control over the component part for which
the sub-contractor was hired to perform because they generally work to the plans of the
developer. Id.
In Stuart v. Crestview Mut. Water Co., 34 Cal. App. 3d 802 (1973), while holding the
developer strictly liable, the court refused to hold the “subcontracting” engineers who designed
the defective water system strictly liable. The court there stated: “We cannot . . . find any bases
for holding the engineers on a strict liability theory. They rendered a professional service and are
in no sense analogous to manufacturers who place products on the market and who are,
therefore, in the best position to spread the cost of injuries resulting from defective products.
{Citations.] . . .°| The] well settled rule in California is that where the primary objective of a
transaction is to obtain services, the doctrines of implied warranty and strict liability do not apply
[citation]... .°” Id. at 811.
Other jurisdictions which have addressed this issue have reached the same result, even
where a contractor or subcontractor may have supplied products in performing its work
under a contract. In Maack v. Resource Design & Constr., Inc., (Utah App. 1994) 875
P.2d 570, 581, plaintiffs alleged the exterior components of a residence - the stucco,
membranes, and adhesives - built by the defendants were defective, and defendants were
therefore strictly liable for damages under section 402A. This claim was rejected by the
trial court on the basis that the defendants were not “sellers”. /d.
The Court of Appeals of Utah agreed, stating that “We find no reason to disturb the trial
court’s conclusion . . . that [the Defendants] were not “sellers” or manufacturers of the
component parts of the exterior of the house. The [Plaintiffs] claim, nonetheless that [the
Defendants] were “sellers” of the component parts because the contract . . . specified that
[the Defendants] would be on a cost of work plus fee basis. However, this inclusion of
the cost of materials seems to have been solely for the purpose of calculating a fee for the
work done. The evidence is undisputed that [the Defendants] were construction
contractors who simply utilized these component parts when constructing the residence -
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTthey were not in the business of selling stucco, adhesives, or membranes on wholesale or
tetail basis. [Emphasis Added].
Id.
Another example is Delta Refining Co. v. Procon, Inc. (Tenn. Ct. App. 1976) 552 S.W.2d
387, where a fire occurred at an oil refinery due to a defective pump purchased and installed by a
general contractor under a general construction contract with the oil refinery. The oif refinery
brought suit against the manufacturer of the pump and the contractor. Id. The trial court granted
a directed verdict in favor of the contractor, and the plaintiff appealed. Id. The Tennessee Court
of Appeals affirmed the judgment. Id. The appeals court held that the contractor was not liable
under the strict liability doctrine as a seller of the pump because the contractor was not in the
business of selling such pumps, but had merely contracted with the oil refinery to purchase and
install the pump which the codefendant was to build according to specifications furnished by the
oil refinery. Id. at 388.
In Scordino v. Hopeman Brothers, Inc. 662 So. 2d 640, 642 (1995) the Supreme Court
of Mississippi, applying Section 402A and relying on the reasoning outlined in Monte Vista
Development Corp. v. Superior Court, supra, and decisions of other jurisdictions, rejected a strict
liability claim against an independent contractor that installed and supplied asbestos paneling on
board ships as required under its subcontract. The court concluded that a joiner subcontractor in
the business of installing shipboard furniture, beds, box berthing, non-structural bulkheads,
overheads and installation was not a manufacturer or a seller under Section 402A or liable under
a negligence claim for failure to warn. Id.
In Scordino, former employees of Ingalls Shipyard Corporation alleged that while
employed at Ingalls they were exposed to asbestos, which was a component of Marinite and
Micarta, a fire-resistant wall paneling supplied and installed by defendant Hopeman Brothers,
Inc. Plaintiffs claimed that irreparable and progressive lung damage was caused due to being
exposed to the dust generated by the installation of the paneling and, that during this exposure
period, they had no reason to believe or otherwise have knowledge that the Marinite was
dangerous when inhaled or otherwise ingested. The Plaintiffs alleged that Hopeman, among
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTothers, knew or should have known about the dangers of asbestos and had failed to warn
Plaintiffs about said dangers by ignoring or actively and fraudulently concealing the danger.
Thus, Plaintiffs alleged Hopeman was negligent and strictly liable for its conduct, which resulted
in their injury. In response, Hopeman claimed that because it was an installer and not a seller or
manufacturer of asbestos, it was neither negligent nor strictly liable.
At trial, following the testimony of witnesses for Plaintiffs and Hopeman, Hopeman
moved for a directed verdict that the trial court granted. The trial court reasoned that the Micarta
and Marinite installed by Hopeman was not Hopeman’s product. Rather, the trial court
concluded, Hopeman was “a subcontractor of labor to assemble and install various materials”
pursuant to the subcontract which contained exact specifications. Plaintiffs appealed.
The Scerdino court’s refusal to extend strict liability to an independent contractor on facts
remarkably similar to the issues in this case is compelling: “The facts of this case are: (1) that
Hopeman is in the business of joiner subcontracting, i.e., building the interior outfitting of a ship
which consisted of installing shipboard furniture, beds, box berthing, non-structural bulkheads,
overheads, insulation, etc.; (2) that the materials Hopeman purchased to fulfill a joiner
subcontract were not purchased for resale; (3) that the services and materials Hopeman provided
were specified in the contract with Ingalls and the vessel owners; and (4) that the total price of a
job included both the services and materials that were provided. Based on this evidence, it is
clear that Hopeman was not a seller in the business of selling Micarta and Marinite. Rather, as a
subcontractor, Hopeman merely supplied the materials to complete the service for which it was
hired pursuant to the contract between the parties. It follows that Hopeman is not strictly liable
under the Restatement. [402A].” Id.
Other cases which follow this rule include: Freitas v. Twin City Fisherman’ s Cooperative
Association (Tx. Ct. App. 1970) 452 S.W.2d 931; the Trustees of Columbia University in the
City of New York v. Gwathnmey Siegel and Associates Architects (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) 192
A.D.2d 151, 601 N.Y.S.2d 116; Sapp v. Morton Buildings, Inc, (7"" Cir. 1992) 973 F.2d 539.
See also, Chenango Ind. Dev. Agency v. Lockwood Greene Eng’rs, Inc., (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
114 A.D.2d 728, 494 N.Y.S.2d 832, 834 (affirming dismissal of strict liability count against
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTroofer that installed defective roofing material, and explaining that roofer “was engaged
primarily to install [the] material and that any transfer of personal property was purely incidental
to the performance of this service”), appeals dismissed, 67 N.Y.2d 757, 490 N.E.2d 1233, 500
N.Y.S.2d 1027 (1986).
CQ Torts Restatement Second Section 402A Does Not Apply To Occasional
Sellers or Installers of Products Within Contract Specifications,
Even though JITS cannot be classified as a “seller,” the textual limitation of section
402A that the supplier be in the business of selling or supplying the product has also been
applied to exclude from its reach the occasional seller. Oliver v. Superior Court 211 Cal. App.
3d 86, 89 (1989) (“doctrine of strict products liability does not apply to ‘the occasional
construction and sale of residences’”); See, comment (f) of Restatement (Second) of Torts
section 402A, which exempts from this rule the "occasional seller" who is not engaged in the
activity as a regular part of its business.
Courts have refused to hold a defendant strictly Hable even when the defendant could be
technically viewed as a “link in the chain” in getting the product to the consumer market,
Peterson v. Superior Court (1995) 10 Cal. 4" 1185 (determining that landlords and hotel
proprietors are not strictly liable for product defects as the policy justifications underlying the
strict liability doctrine are inapplicable); Tauber-Arons Auctioneers Co. v, Superior Court (1980)
101 Cal. App. 3d 268, 281-282 (secondhand dealer is not strictly liable for a defective used
product); See also, McKenna v. Art Pearl Works, Inc. (Pa. Super. Ct.1973) 225 Pa.Super. 362,
365 n.2, 310 A.2d 677, 679 n.2; Lemley v. J & B Tire Co. (W.D. Pa. 1977) 426 F. Supp. 1378,
1379.
In Griffin Industries, Inc. v. Jones (Ky.1998) 975 S.W. 2d 100, 102, the Kentucky
Supreme Court applied the “occasional seller” exception of 402A, comment (f), and rejected a
strict liability claim against defendant:
“The otherwise valuable rule of strict liability does not apply to the occasional seller of
an allegedly defective product. When a product is sold only on an occasion or incident to!
the business of the seller, the transaction does not come within the purview of the
doctrine of strict liability.”
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTJd. at 103.
Moreover, a party who provides nonprofessional services such as repair, maintenance and|
service, while subject to liability for negligence, is not usually subject to strict products liability.
See, Lemley at 1379; Hoffman v. Simplot Aviation, Inc. (1975 Idaho) 539 P.2d 584; Steckal v.
Haughton Elevator Co. (N.Y. 1983) 59 N.Y.2d 628, 449 N.E.2d 1264.
Lemley involved an action brought against a repairman for injuries sustained as a result
of negligent installation of new brake shoes and a self-adjusting mechanism. In granting
defendant's partial summary judgment for dismissal of the strict liability claims, the Lemley
court held that while the term "sellers" had been interpreted to include retailers and
manufacturers, as well as wholesalers, distributors and suppliers, it had not been expanded to
include persons who supply a service. Lemley at 1379. The court reasoned that the social policy
of protecting consumers against the mass producer or distributor did not apply in this case. Id. at
1380.
Sinilarly, in Hoffman. the Idaho Supreme Court refused to extend the rule of strict
products liability beyond sales and into the area of personal services, In that case, plaintiff
contracted with the defendant aviation repair company to repair a vintage aircraft. Based upon
its analysis of Section 402A and related case law, the court declined to apply strict liability in tort]
to personal services by finding claims against a party that performed personal services are
fundamentally different from claims against a mass producer of a defective product. Id. at 587.
The court reasoned it nearly impossible to prove negligence against the manufacturer of a mass
produced defective product because it is extremely difficult to identify the individuals whose
conduct caused the defect. In contrast, the beneficiary of personal services comes into direct
contact with the one offering the service and can easily determine what work was performed and
who performed it.
Tn Steckal, the New York Court of Appeals considered the applicability of strict products
liability when plaintiff was injured while riding in a defective elevator. The court held that the
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTfact that the defendant both supplied and serviced the elevator did not warrant imposing strict
liability for a defect that developed after installation was complete. Steckal at 628.
A contractor or installer will not be held strictly liable where it is determined its activity
amounts, at most, to that of an occasional seller. In Barham v. Turner Construction Co. 803
$.W.2d 731 (Tex. Ct. App. 1990), the defendant general contractor was held not strictly liable
for injuries caused by steel columns purchased from a third party and used in the construction of
a building. The court found nothing to indicate the contractor did anything more than sells its
general contracting services. Id. at 738. At most, the court reasoned, the contractor was an
“occasional seller" of components of buildings and was not engaged in the sale of steel columns
as part of its business and, therefore, the underlying principles of strict liability did not apply. Id.
Similarly, in Mini Mart, Inc. v. Direct Sales Tire Co., 876 F.2d 63 (8" Cir.1989), applying South
Dakota law, the court held the defendant company that installed the defective underground
storage tank at a plaintiffs store could not held strictly liable, even where plaintiff purchased the
tank from defendant, because there was no evidence to show the defendant was in the business off
selling tanks.
D. Strict Products Liability Does Not Apply To JTTS
IJTTS, as an independent contractor, performed work as specified by the customer. JTTS|
was a brickwork contractor, not a seller of products. Consistent with standards articulated in
Monte Vista and holdings in other jurisdictions, JTTS is not subject to strict products liability
under the Restatement (Second) of Torts, Section 402A. JTTS specialized in the installation of
refractory products pursuant to contract. There is no basis for imposing strict liability where the
products and materials used were incidental to providing the service of refractory installation.
JTTS was not in business as a refractory supplier and did not provide any materials to the
customer beyond that which they installed at the site themselves. Thus, any sales by JTTS were
incidental to the work they performed in installing the products. California and other
jurisdictions have consistently refused to apply the doctrine of strict liability to situations where
the service was the predominant factor and the supply of a product is incidental to the
performance of the contract.
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTFinally, the public policy reasons underlying the application of strict liability in tort do
not apply to JTTS. A purpose of strict liability is the promotion of product safety. Greenman v.
Yuba Power Products, Inc., supra, 59 Cal. 2d at 63; Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., supra, 61
Cal. 2d at 262; Bay Summit Community Assn. v. Shell Oil Co., supra, 51 Cal. App. 4" at 772-
773. Justice Traynor’s concurring opinion in Escola vy. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal. 2d 453,
462 (1944) (cited with approval in Greenman, supra, at p. 63) stated: “Public policy demands
that responsibility be fixed wherever it will most effectively reduce the hazards to life and health
inherent in defective products that reach the market.” In Bay Summit, supra, the court held:
“Viewing the existing case law and the policies underlying the doctrine, we agree with
Shell that the mere fact an entity “promotes” or “endorses” or “advertises” a product does’
not automatically render that entity strictly liable for a defect in the product. (See
Hanberry v. Hearst Corp. (1969) 276 Cal. App. 2d 680, 687-688 [81 Cal. Rptr. 519, 39
A.L.R.3d 173); Harmon v. National Automotive Parts Assn., supra, 720 F. Supp. At p.
81.) It would be unlikely that such defendant could significantly affect product safety or
that the defendant could effectively spread the risk of the cost of protection. [Citations
omitted].” (emphasis added).
Id. 51 Cal App.4" at 775-776.
Applying strict liability to JTTS in this instance would not serve to protect the consumer
from produced and distributed defective products, a policy that is at the heart of strict liability
theory. Further, such a holding would set a precedent that no California court has ever adopted
or recognized. JTTS was not in a position to control defects in asbestos-containing products or
to spread the cost through pricing. Having to incorporate potential strict liability costs into
JTTS’ job bids, given its specialized market, would prevent it from remaining competitive in the
installation business. For this reason, JTTS could not recuperate its costs of compensating
asbestos-related injuries by increasing its prices.
Assuming for the sake of discussion that JTTS occasionally recommended a particular
asbestos-containing product based on its performance standards, courts hold occasional sellers of|
building components who are not engaged in the sale of such products as a part of their overall
business are not strictly liable for any resulting injuries. Finally, even where an installer such as
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTJTTS may have merely supplied materials within the specifications and plans of another, strict
liability does not apply.
Iv. CONCLUSION
The policies articulated by the Greenman rule and Restatement (Second) of Torts
Section 402A do not apply to JTTS. For the reasons discussed above, defendant JITS
respectfully requests that its motion to preclude plaintiffs from proceeding against it under strict
products liability be granted.
Date: March 4, 2010 BASSL EDLIN, HUIE & BLUM LLP
/S/ RESHMA A. BAJAT
By:
RESHMA A. BAJAJ
Attorneys for Defendant
J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.
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DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT EVIDENCE
THAT LT. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY DEFENDANTRe: Cecelia Franklin, et al. v. Asbestos Defendants op
an Francisco County Superior Court Case No. -07-274314
PROOF OF SERVICE —- ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION
STATE OF CALIFORNIA/COUNTY OF San Francisco
fam a citizen of the United States and an employee in the County of San Francisco. |
am over the age of eighteen (18) years and not a party to the within action. My business
address is BASSI, EDLIN, HUIE & BLUM LLP, 351 California Street, Suite 200, San
Francisco, California 94104.
On the date executed below, I electronically served the document(s) via LexisNexis
File & Serve, described below, on the recipients designated on the Transaction Receipt located
on the LexisNexis File & Serve website.
DEFENDANT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC.’°S MOTION IN LIMINE TO
PROHIBIT EVIDENCE THAT J.T. THORPE & SON, INC. IS A STRICT PRODUCTS
LIABILITY DEFENDANT
Motion in Limine No. 8
On the following parties:
PLEASE SEE SERVICE LIST PROVIDED BY LEXISNEXIS
AND
HAND SERVICE ON PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL
I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct and that this
document is executed on March 4, 2010, at San Francisco, California.
/st ALISHA C. PEMBER
ALISHA C, PEMBER
102889
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PROOF OF SERVICE